Application of metabolomics tools to determine possible biomarker metabolites linked to leaf blackening in Protea

The postharvesting disorder leaf blackening is the main cause of product rejection in Protea during export. In this study we report an investigation into metabolites associated with leaf blackening in Protea species. Methanol extracts of leaf and involucral bract tissue were analyzed by liquid-chromatography hyphenated to photodiode array and high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-HRMS). Analytical data obtained from 37 Protea species, selections and hybrids were investigated using metabolomics tools, which showed that stems susceptible to leaf blackening cluster together and contained features identified as benzenetriol and/or hydroquinone derived metabolites. On the other hand, species, selections and cultivars not prone to blackening were linked to metabolites with known protective properties against biotic and abiotic stressors. During the browning process, susceptible cultivars also produce these protective metabolites, yet at innately low levels, which may render these species and cultivars more vulnerable to blackening. Metabolites that were found to be correlated to the instigation of the browning process, all comprising benzenetriol- and hydroquinone-glycoside derivatives, are highlighted to provide preliminary insights to guide the development of new Protea cultivars not susceptible to leaf blackening.