Case Report: Visceral Leishmaniasis Falsely Diagnosed as Q Fever

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic infection caused by the protozoal parasite Leishmania, spread via the bloodstream to the reticuloendothelial system, through the bite of the sand fly. It is endemic in parts of Africa, South America, Asia, and Europe, including the Mediterranean. Here, we describe a case of VL that was initially diagnosed as Q fever based on positive Coxiella burnetii serology and showed a partial response to doxycycline treatment.