beta amyrin/رشاد الصخر

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Identification of a product specific beta-amyrin synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Triterpene skeletons are produced by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). The genome sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed the presence of thirteen OSC homologous genes including At1g78950, which has been revised recently as two independent ORFs, namely At1g78950 and At1g78955. The cDNA

Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding beta-amyrin synthase involved in glycyrrhizin and soyasaponin biosyntheses in licorice.

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An oxidosqualene cyclase cDNA, termed GgbAS1, was isolated from cultured cells of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) by heterologous hybridization with cDNA of Arabidopsis thaliana LUP1 lupeol synthase. The yeast transformed with an expression vector containing the open reading frame of GgbAS1 produced

Pathway engineering for the production of β-amyrin and cycloartenol in Escherichia coli-a method to biosynthesize plant-derived triterpene skeletons in E. coli.

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Cycloartenol is biosynthetically the first sterol skeleton, which is metabolized to phytosterols such as β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. β-Amyrin is the most commonly occurring aglycone skeleton for oleanane-type saponins such as glycyrrhizin and saikosaponins. It has been regarded that these cyclic

Composition and physiological function of the wax layers coating Arabidopsis leaves: β-amyrin negatively affects the intracuticular water barrier.

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Plants prevent dehydration by coating their aerial, primary organs with waxes. Wax compositions frequently differ between species, organs, and developmental stages, probably to balance limiting nonstomatal water loss with various other ecophysiological roles of surface waxes. To establish

Arabidopsis camelliol C synthase evolved from enzymes that make pentacycles.

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We establish by heterologous expression that the Arabidopsis thaliana oxidosqualene cyclase At1g78955 (CAMS1) makes camelliol C (98%), achilleol A (2%), and beta-amyrin (0.2%). CAMS1 is the first characterized cyclase that generates predominantly a monocyclic triterpene alcohol. Phylogenetic

Efficient production of glycyrrhetinic acid in metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae via an integrated strategy.

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Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is the most important ingredient in licorice due to its outstanding anti-inflammatory activity and wide application in the medicine and cosmetics industries. Contemporary industrial production of GA by acid hydrolysis of glycyrrhizin which was extracted from

Overexpression of a synthetic insect-plant geranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene in Camelina sativa alters plant growth and terpene biosynthesis.

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CONCLUSIONS A novel plastidial homodimeric insect-plant geranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene is synthesized from three different cDNA origins. Its overexpression in Camelina sativa effectively alters plant development and terpenoid metabolism. Geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS) converts one

Arabidopsis thaliana LUP1 converts oxidosqualene to multiple triterpene alcohols and a triterpene diol.

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The Arabidopsis thaliana LUP1 gene encodes an enzyme that converts oxidosqualene to pentacyclic triterpenes. Lupeol and beta-amyrin were previously reported as LUP1 products. Further investigation described here uncovered the additional products germanicol, taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, and

Cloning and characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana lupeol synthase gene.

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A 2274 bp Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA was isolated that encodes a protein 57% identical to cycloartenol synthase from the same organism. The expressed recombinant protein encodes lupeol synthase, which converts oxidosqualene to the triterpene lupeol as the major product. Lupeol synthase is a

Two branches of the lupeol synthase gene in the molecular evolution of plant oxidosqualene cyclases.

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Two new triterpene synthase cDNAs, named as OEW and TRW, were cloned from olive leaves (Olea europaea) and from dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale), respectively, by the PCR method with primers designed from the conserved sequences found in the known oxidosqualene cyclases. Their ORFs consisted

Molecular characterization of the pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway in Catharanthus roseus.

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Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant and the sole commercial source of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIA), anticancer compounds. Recently, triterpenoids like ursolic acid and oleanolic acid have also been found in considerable amounts in C. roseus leaf cuticular wax layer. These

Origin of structural diversity in natural triterpenes: direct synthesis of seco-triterpene skeletons by oxidosqualene cyclase.

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At1g78500, one of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) homologues from Arabidopsis thaliana, was expressed in a lanosterol synthase-deficient yeast strain and the products were analyzed. In addition to the known triterpenes, this OSC was found to produce two new triterpenes, the structures of which were

Dual biosynthetic pathways to phytosterol via cycloartenol and lanosterol in Arabidopsis.

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The differences between the biosynthesis of sterols in higher plants and yeast/mammals are believed to originate at the cyclization step of oxidosqualene, which is cyclized to cycloartenol in higher plants and lanosterol in yeast/mammals. Recently, lanosterol synthase genes were identified from

Chemical phenotypes of the hmg1 and hmg2 mutants of Arabidopsis demonstrate the in-planta role of HMG-CoA reductase in triterpene biosynthesis.

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Plants produce a wide variety of cyclic triterpenes, such as sterols and triterpenoids, which are the major products of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. It is important to understand the physiological functions of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) because HMGR is the rate-limiting enzyme in the MVA pathway. We

[Optimization of synthetic pathway and fermentation process of yeast cell factories for production of oleanoic acid].

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OBJECTIVE To optimize the synthetic pathway and fermentation process of yeast cell factories for production of oleanoic acid. METHODS Using the DNA assembler method, one copy of Glycyrrhiza glabra beta-amyrin synthase (GgbAS), Medicago truncatula oleanolic acid synthase (MtOAS) and Arabidopsis

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