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The analysis of the different functions of starch-phosphorylating enzymes during the development of Arabidopsis thaliana plants discloses an unexpected role for the cytosolic isoform GWD2.

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The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes three glucan, water dikinases. Glucan, water dikinase 1 (GWD1; EC 2.7.9.4) and phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD; EC 2.7.9.5) are chloroplastic enzymes, while glucan, water dikinase 2 (GWD2) is cytosolic. Both GWDs and PWD catalyze the addition of

The plastidial glucan, water dikinase (GWD) catalyses multiple phosphotransfer reactions.

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The plant genome encodes at least two distinct and evolutionary conserved plastidial starch-related dikinases that phosphorylate a low percentage of glucosyl residues at the starch granule surface. Esterification of starch favours the transition of highly ordered α-glucans to a less ordered state

Determination of the starch-phosphorylating enzyme activity in plant extracts.

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For quantification of alpha-glucan, water dikinase (GWD) activity in crude extracts of plant tissues a radio-labeling assay was established that uses soluble starch and (33)P-labeled ATP as phosphate acceptor and donor, respectively. A constant rate of starch labeling was observed only if the ATP

Glucan, Water Dikinase Exerts Little Control over Starch Degradation in Arabidopsis Leaves at Night.

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The first step on the pathway of starch degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves at night is the phosphorylation of starch polymers, catalyzed by glucan, water dikinase (GWD). It has been suggested that GWD is important for the control of starch degradation, because its transcript

An extra-plastidial alpha-glucan, water dikinase from Arabidopsis phosphorylates amylopectin in vitro and is not necessary for transient starch degradation.

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Starch phosphorylation catalysed by the alpha-glucan, water dikinases (GWD) has profound effects on starch degradation in plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes three isoforms of GWD, two of which are localized in the chloroplast and are involved in the degradation of transient starch. The

Engineering starch accumulation by manipulation of phosphate metabolism of starch.

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A new understanding of leaf starch degradation has emerged in the last 10 years. It has been shown that starch phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are critical components of this process. Glucan, water dikinase (GWD) (and phosphoglucan, water dikinase) adds phosphate to starch, and phosphoglucan

Identification of a novel enzyme required for starch metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves. The phosphoglucan, water dikinase.

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The phosphorylation of amylopectin by the glucan, water dikinase (GWD; EC 2.7.9.4) is an essential step within starch metabolism. This is indicated by the starch excess phenotype of GWD-deficient plants, such as the sex1-3 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To identify starch-related

Zinc Finger-Homeodomain Transcriptional Factors (ZHDs) in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum): Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis in Fiber Development.

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Zinc finger-homeodomain (ZHD) genes encode a family of plant-specific transcription factors that not only participate in the regulation of plant growth and development but also play an important role in the response to abiotic stress. The ZHD gene family has been studied in several model plants,

Modification of Cassava Root Starch Phosphorylation Enhances Starch Functional Properties.

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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a root crop used as a foodstuff and as a starch source in industry. Starch functional properties are influenced by many structural features including the relative amounts of the two glucan polymers amylopectin and amylose, the branched structure of amylopectin,

A novel isoform of glucan, water dikinase phosphorylates pre-phosphorylated alpha-glucans and is involved in starch degradation in Arabidopsis.

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An Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding a homologue of the potato alpha-glucan, water dikinase GWD, previously known as R1, was identified by screening the Arabidopsis genome and named AtGWD3. The AtGWD3 cDNA was isolated, heterologously expressed and the protein was purified to apparent homogeneity

Novel starch-related enzymes and carbohydrates.

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In chloroplasts, both biosynthesis and degradation of starch are strictly regulated but the mechanisms involved are still incompletely understood. Recent studies revealed two novel and regulatory relevant aspects in the biochemistry of starch: the phosphorylation of starch and the starch-related

Phosphorylation of transitory starch by α-glucan, water dikinase during starch turnover affects the surface properties and morphology of starch granules.

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Glucan, water dikinase (GWD) is a key enzyme of starch metabolism but the physico-chemical properties of starches isolated from GWD-deficient plants and their implications for starch metabolism have so far not been described. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants with reduced or no GWD activity

Glucan, water dikinase activity stimulates breakdown of starch granules by plastidial beta-amylases.

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Glucan phosphorylating enzymes are required for normal mobilization of starch in leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and potato (Solanum tuberosum), but mechanisms underlying this dependency are unknown. Using two different activity assays, we aimed to identify starch degrading enzymes from

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