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Nanoscale glucan polymer network causes pathogen resistance.

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Successful defence of plants against colonisation by fungal pathogens depends on the ability to prevent initial penetration of the plant cell wall. Here we report that the pathogen-induced (1,3)-β-glucan cell wall polymer callose, which is deposited at sites of attempted penetration, directly

The plastidial glucan, water dikinase (GWD) catalyses multiple phosphotransfer reactions.

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The plant genome encodes at least two distinct and evolutionary conserved plastidial starch-related dikinases that phosphorylate a low percentage of glucosyl residues at the starch granule surface. Esterification of starch favours the transition of highly ordered α-glucans to a less ordered state

The thermostabilizing domain of the modular xylanase XynA of Thermotoga maritima represents a novel type of binding domain with affinity for soluble xylan and mixed-linkage beta-1,3/beta-1, 4-glucan.

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Thermotoga maritima XynA is an extremely thermostable modular enzyme with five domains (A1-A2-B-C1-C2). Its catalytic domain (-B-) is flanked by duplicated non-catalytic domains. The C-terminal repeated domains represent cellulose-binding domains (CBDs). Xylanase domains related to the N-terminal

Intermediary glucan structures formed during starch granule biosynthesis are enriched in short side chains, a dynamic pulse labeling approach.

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The formation of intermediary glucans, mature starch, and phytoglycogen was studied using leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and dbe mutant, which lacks plastidic isoamylase (Zeeman, S. C., Umemoto, T., Lue, W. L., Au-Yeung, P., Martin, C., Smith, A. M., and Chen, J. (1998) Plant Cell 10,

Identification and characterization of ChlreSEX4, a novel glucan phosphatase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii green alga.

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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the best known unicellular green alga model which has long been used to investigate all kinds of cellular processes, including starch metabolism. Here we identified and characterized a novel enzyme, ChlreSEX4, orthologous to glucan phosphatase SEX4 from Arabidopsis

Defense and resistance-inducing activities in tobacco of the sulfated beta-1,3 glucan PS3 and its synergistic activities with the unsulfated molecule.

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Laminarin, a beta-1,3 glucan with single beta-glucose branches at position 6, was chemically sulfated to produce PS3 with a degree of sulfation of 2.4. PS3 has previously been shown to activate the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway in infiltrated tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissues.

Biosynthesis of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (callose) by detergent extracts of a microsomal fraction from Arabidopsis thaliana.

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The aim of this work was to develop a biochemical approach to study (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (callose) biosynthesis using suspension cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana. Optimal conditions for in vitro synthesis of callose corresponded to an assay mixture containing 50 mM Mops buffer, pH 6.8, 1 mM

Structure of the Arabidopsis glucan phosphatase like sex four2 reveals a unique mechanism for starch dephosphorylation.

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Starch is a water-insoluble, Glc-based biopolymer that is used for energy storage and is synthesized and degraded in a diurnal manner in plant leaves. Reversible phosphorylation is the only known natural starch modification and is required for starch degradation in planta. Critical to starch energy

Glucan, Water Dikinase Exerts Little Control over Starch Degradation in Arabidopsis Leaves at Night.

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The first step on the pathway of starch degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves at night is the phosphorylation of starch polymers, catalyzed by glucan, water dikinase (GWD). It has been suggested that GWD is important for the control of starch degradation, because its transcript

Arabidopsis glucan synthase-like 10 functions in male gametogenesis.

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Callose or beta-1,3-glucan performs multiple functions during male and female gametophyte development. Callose is synthesized by 12 members of the glucan synthase-like (GSL) gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. To elucidate the biological roles of Arabidopsis GSL family members during sexual

Beta-1,3 glucan sulfate, but not beta-1,3 glucan, induces the salicylic acid signaling pathway in tobacco and Arabidopsis.

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Sulfate substituents naturally occurring in biomolecules, such as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, can play a critical role in major physiological functions in plants and animals. We show that laminarin, a beta-1,3 glucan with elicitor activity in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), becomes, after

An extra-plastidial alpha-glucan, water dikinase from Arabidopsis phosphorylates amylopectin in vitro and is not necessary for transient starch degradation.

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Starch phosphorylation catalysed by the alpha-glucan, water dikinases (GWD) has profound effects on starch degradation in plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes three isoforms of GWD, two of which are localized in the chloroplast and are involved in the degradation of transient starch. The

Xyloglucan xylosyltransferases XXT1, XXT2, and XXT5 and the glucan synthase CSLC4 form Golgi-localized multiprotein complexes.

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Xyloglucan is the major hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the primary cell walls of most vascular dicotyledonous plants and has important structural and physiological functions in plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the 1,4-β-glucan synthase, Cellulose Synthase-Like

Starch-related alpha-glucan/water dikinase is involved in the cold-induced development of freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis.

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Cold-induced soluble sugar accumulation enhances the degree of freezing tolerance in various cold-hardy plants including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), where soluble sugars accumulate in only a few hours at 2 degrees C. Hence, along with photosynthesis, starch degradation might play a

Bacterial cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucan acts in systemic suppression of plant immune responses.

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Although cyclic glucans have been shown to be important for a number of symbiotic and pathogenic bacterium-plant interactions, their precise roles are unclear. Here, we examined the role of cyclic beta-(1,2)-glucan in the virulence of the black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris

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