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Glutamine synthetase, glutaminase and phosphodiesterase activities in brain under hypoxia: in vitro effect of cortisol, GABA and serotonin on glutamine synthetase.

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The effect of hypobaric hypoxia on the activities of glutamine synthetase, glutaminase and cyclic 3'5' AMP phosphodiesterase in rat brain was studied after exposure to 25,000' for 6 h. Glutamine synthetase activity was increased in all the regions of brain studied, and addition of gamma amino

Activity of Phosphate-Dependent Glutaminase in the Brain of Rats Exposed to Prenatal Hypoxia during Organogenesis.

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We studied the effect of hypoxia (days 9-15 of pregnancy) on phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity in the brain of rat offspring aging 18 days and 1, 3, and 6 months. Activity of glutaminase significantly increased in mitochondria from the orbital, visual, and limbic cortex, hypothalamus, and

Glutaminase 1 expression in colorectal cancer cells is induced by hypoxia and required for tumor growth, invasion, and metastatic colonization.

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Cancer cells re-program their metabolic machinery to meet the requirements of malignant transformation and progression. Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) was traditionally known as a mitochondrial enzyme that hydrolyzes glutamine into glutamate and fuels rapid proliferation of cancer cells. However, emerging

Hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopic imaging informs on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and myc activity downstream of platelet-derived growth factor receptor.

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The recent development of hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging provides a novel method for in vivo metabolic imaging with potential applications for detection of cancer and response to treatment. Chemotherapy-induced apoptosis was shown to decrease the flux of hyperpolarized

Increased Expression of Glutaminase in Osteoblasts Promotes Macrophage Recruitment in Periapical Lesions.

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BACKGROUND Recently, we have shown that tissue hypoxia stimulates the progression of periapical lesions by up-regulating glycolysis-dependent apoptosis of osteoblasts. Other facets of hypoxia-induced metabolic reprogramming in disease pathogenesis require further investigation. In this study, we

Changes in the activity levels of glutamine synthetase, glutaminase and glycogen synthetase in rats subjected to hypoxic stress.

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Exposure to high altitude causes loss of body mass and alterations in metabolic processes, especially carbohydrate and protein metabolism. The present study was conducted to elucidate the role of glutamine synthetase, glutaminase and glycogen synthetase under conditions of chronic intermittent

Increased production of extracellular glutamate by the mitochondrial glutaminase following neuronal death.

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Elevated extracellular concentrations of the excitatory transmitter glutamate are an important cause of neuronal death in a variety of disorders of the nervous system. The concentrations and rates of clearance and production of extracellular glutamate were measured in the medium of primary cultures

Oxidative phosphorylation is impaired by prolonged hypoxia in breast and possibly in cervix carcinoma.

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It has been assumed that oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in solid tumors is severely reduced due to cytochrome c oxidase substrate restriction, although the measured extracellular oxygen concentration in hypoxic areas seems not limiting for this activity. To identify alternative hypoxia-induced

Hypoxia-Like Signatures Induced by BCR-ABL Potentially Alter the Glutamine Uptake for Maintaining Oxidative Phosphorylation.

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The Warburg effect is probably the most prominent metabolic feature of cancer cells, although little is known about the underlying mechanisms and consequences. Here, we set out to study these features in detail in a number of leukemia backgrounds. The transcriptomes of human CB CD34+ cells

Pyruvate Kinase Isozymes M2 and Glutaminase Might Be Promising Molecular Targets for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the significance of glucose metabolism-related enzymes in the proliferation of gastric cancer under hypoxia. Four hypoxia-resistant gastric cancer cell lines and four parent cell lines were used. Reverse transcription-PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression

Hypoxia regulates glutamate metabolism and membrane transport in rat PC12 cells.

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We investigated the effect of hypoxia on glutamate metabolism and uptake in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Various key enzymes relevant to glutamate production, metabolism and transport were coordinately regulated by hypoxia. PC12 cells express two glutamate-metabolizing enzymes, glutamine

Glutaminase 1 Inhibition Reduces Glycolysis and Ameliorates Lupus-Like Disease in MRL/lpr Mice and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

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Glutaminase 1 (Gls1) is the first enzyme in glutaminolysis. The selective Gls1 inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (BPTES) suppresses Th17 development and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The present study was undertaken to

Glutaminase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors suppress pyrimidine synthesis and VHL-deficient renal cancers.

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Many cancer-associated mutations that deregulate cellular metabolic responses to hypoxia also reprogram carbon metabolism to promote utilization of glutamine. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), cells deficient in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene use glutamine to generate citrate and

T Helper Cell Activation and Expansion Is Sensitive to Glutaminase Inhibition under Both Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions.

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Immune responses often take place where nutrients and O2 availability are limited. This has an impact on T cell metabolism and influences activation and effector functions. T cell proliferation and expansion are associated with increased consumption of glutamine which is needed in a number of

Mitochondrial localization and structure-based phosphate activation mechanism of Glutaminase C with implications for cancer metabolism.

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Glutamine is an essential nutrient for cancer cell proliferation, especially in the context of citric acid cycle anaplerosis. In this manuscript we present results that collectively demonstrate that, of the three major mammalian glutaminases identified to date, the lesser studied splice variant of

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