5 participants will be assigned to this group and provided with a one time dose of L. Reuteri PB-W1 strain provided on day 4 of each diet period. 5 of the participants will be assigned to consume their usual diet for the first diet period. The L. Reuteri PB-W1 strain will be provided as a drinkable solution (approximately 2.25x10^10 viable cells will be provided in 50 ml of water).

5 participants will be assigned to this group and provided with a one time dose of L. Reuteri DSM20016T strain provided on day 4 of each diet period. 5 of the participants will be assigned to consume their usual diet for the first diet period. The L. Reuteri DSM20016T strain will be provided as a drinkable solution (approximately 2.25x10^10 viable cells will be provided in 50 ml of water).

5 participants will be assigned to this group and provided with a one time dose of a placebo provided on day 4 of each diet period. 5 of the participants will be assigned to consume their usual diet for the first diet period. The placebo will be provided as a drinkable solution (approximately 2 g maltodextrain dissolved in 50 ml of water).

5 participants will be assigned to this group and provided with a one time dose of L. Reuteri PB-W1 strain provided on day 4 of each diet period.The participants will be assigned to consume a non-western diet that will be prepared by the research team. The L. Reuteri PB-W1 strain will be provided as a drinkable solution (approximately 2.25x10^10 viable cells will be provided in 50 ml of water).

5 participants will be assigned to this group and provided with a one time dose of L. Reuteri DSM20016T strain provided on day 4 of each diet period. The participants will be assigned to consume a non-western diet that will be prepared by the research team. The L. Reuteri DSM20016T strain will be provided as a drinkable solution (approximately 2.25x10^10 viable cells will be provided in 50 ml of water).

5 participants will be assigned to this group and provided with a one time dose of a placebo provided on day 4 of each diet period. The participants will be assigned to consume a non-western diet that will be prepared by the research team. The placebo will be provided as a drinkable solution (approximately 2 g maltodextrain dissolved in 50 ml of water).

Microbial Colonization

L. Reuteri PB-W1 strain will be prepared in accordance to the standardized operating procedures to prepare Lactobacillus reuteri in food grade conditions

L Reuteri PB-W1 Strain

L. Reuteri DSM20016T strain will be prepared in accordance to the standardized operating procedures to prepare Lactobacillus reuteri in food grade conditions

L. Reuteri DSM20016T Strain

2 g of maltodextrin will be dissolved in 50 ml water in food grade conditions

Placebo

University of Alberta

Rewilding the Human Gut: Reintroduction of the Species Lactobacillus Reuteri

The primary outcome of this study is to determine if L. Reuteri PB-W1 strain can be established in the gut of Canadian individuals. This will be measured in stool samples by qPCR and culturing methods.

We aim to determine if the survival of L. Reuteri in the gut of Canadian individuals is improved by feeding a diet specifically designed to provide growth substrates for L. Reuteri. This will be measured in stool samples by qPCR and culturing methods

16SrRNA-sequencing and whole metagenome sequencing will performed to determine gut microbial community changes following provision of L. Reuteri.

16SrRNA-sequencing and whole metagenome sequencing will performed to determine gut microbial community changes following provision of a diet designed to promote the growth of L. Reuteri.

Host immune response will be measured in blood samples by quantifying IgA, selected cytokines, TNF-alpha, INF- gamma, regulatory T cells, and white blood cell phenotyping using flow cytometry. We also will measure IgA in fecal samples using an ELISA kit.

Plasma metabolome L. Reuteri strain associated changes will be measured, specifically, molecules with known immunological functions such as short chain fatty acids and indole derivatives of tryptophan, and bile acids following the provision of the treatment. This will be measured via high performance chemical isotope labeling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry platform.

Plasma lipidome L. Reuteri strain associated changes will be measuredl, specifically, molecules with known immunological functions such as short chain fatty acids. These will be measured via ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.

L. Reuteri strain specific changes in cholesterol (triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein), and C-reactive protein will be measured in blood samples.

L. Reuteri strain specific changes in insulin and fasting blood glucose will be measured in blood samples.

L. reuteri strain specific changes in individual mood state as measured by the profile of mood states questionnaire.

Mononuclear cells will be isolated from whole blood on ficoll gradients and the ability of cells to respond to a bacterial challenge (L. reuteri and lipoplysaccharaide) will be determined ex vivo.

pachyrhizus ahipa/التهاب

Rewilding the Human Gut: Reintroduction of the Species Lactobacillus Reuteri

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