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Photoprotection in a zeaxanthin- and lutein-deficient double mutant of Arabidopsis.

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When light absorption by a plant exceeds its capacity for light utilization, photosynthetic light harvesting is rapidly downregulated by photoprotective thermal dissipation, which is measured as nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ). To address the involvement of specific

Regulation of photosystem I light harvesting by zeaxanthin.

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In oxygenic photosynthetic eukaryotes, the hydroxylated carotenoid zeaxanthin is produced from preexisting violaxanthin upon exposure to excess light conditions. Zeaxanthin binding to components of the photosystem II (PSII) antenna system has been investigated thoroughly and shown to help in the

Dissecting and modeling zeaxanthin- and lutein-dependent nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Photosynthetic organisms use various photoprotective mechanisms to dissipate excess photoexcitation as heat in a process called nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Regulation of NPQ allows for a rapid response to changes in light intensity and in vascular plants, is primarily triggered by a pH

New transgenic line of Arabidopsis thaliana with partly disabled zeaxanthin epoxidase activity displays changed carotenoid composition, xanthophyll cycle activity and non-photochemical quenching kinetics.

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Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZE, E.C. 1.14.13.90), an enzyme belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, catalyses the conversion of zeaxanthin to antheraxanthin and violaxanthin. These reactions are part of the xanthophyll biosynthetic pathway and the xanthophyll cycle. The role of carotenoids in the

Slow zeaxanthin accumulation and the enhancement of CP26 collectively contribute to an atypical non-photochemical quenching in macroalga Ulva prolifera under high light.

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Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is an important photoprotective mechanism in plants, which dissipates excess energy and further protects the photosynthetic apparatus under high light stress. NPQ can be dissected into a number of components: qE, qZ and qI. In general, NPQ is catalyzed by two

Zeaxanthin epoxidation - an in vitro approach.

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Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZE) is an enzyme operating in the violaxanthin cycle, which is involved in photoprotective mechanisms. In this work model systems to study zeaxanthin (Zx) epoxidation were developed. Two assay systems are presented in which epoxidation of Zx was observed. In these assays two

Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, light-harvesting system and photoinhibition resistance of a zeaxanthin-accumulating mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana.

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The abscisic-acid-deficient aba-1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is unable to epoxidize zeaxanthin. As a consequence, it contains large amounts of this carotenoid and lacks epoxy-xanthophylls. HPLC analysis of pigment contents in leaves, isolated thylakoids and preparations of the major

The zeaxanthin-independent and zeaxanthin-dependent qE components of nonphotochemical quenching involve common conformational changes within the photosystem II antenna in Arabidopsis.

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The light-harvesting antenna of higher plant photosystem II (LHCII) has the intrinsic capacity to dissipate excess light energy as heat in a process termed nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Recent studies suggest that zeaxanthin and lutein both contribute to the rapidly relaxing component of NPQ,

The transiently generated nonphotochemical quenching of excitation energy in Arabidopsis leaves is modulated by zeaxanthin.

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Upon the transition of dark-adapted plants to low light, the energy-dependent quenching (qE) of excitation energy is only transiently induced due to the only transient generation of the transthylakoid pH gradient. We investigated the transient qE (qE(TR)) in different Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis

The zeaxanthin epoxidase is degraded along with the D1 protein during photoinhibition of photosystem II.

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The xanthophyll zeaxanthin is synthesized in chloroplasts upon high light exposure of plants and serves central photoprotective functions. The reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin is catalyzed by the zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). ZEP shows highest activity after short and moderate high light

Short-term down-regulation of zeaxanthin epoxidation in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to photo-oxidative stress conditions.

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The epoxidation of zeaxanthin (Zx) to violaxanthin after exposure to different light stress conditions has been studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Formation of Zx was induced by illumination of intact leaves for up to 8 h at different light intensities and temperatures. The kinetics of

The Dynamics of Energy Dissipation and Xanthophyll Conversion in Arabidopsis Indicate an Indirect Photoprotective Role of Zeaxanthin in Slowly Inducible and Relaxing Components of Non-photochemical Quenching of Excitation Energy.

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The dynamics of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence and the dynamics of xanthophyll conversion under different actinic light conditions were studied in intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. NPQ induction was investigated during up to 180 min illumination at 450, 900, and

The effects of moderately high temperature on zeaxanthin accumulation and decay.

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Moderately high temperature reduces photosynthetic capacities of leaves with large effects on thylakoid reactions of photosynthesis, including xanthophyll conversion in the lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane. In previous studies, we have found that leaf temperature of 40°C increased zeaxanthin

The effect of zeaxanthin as the only xanthophyll on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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In green plants, the xanthophyll carotenoid zeaxanthin is synthesized transiently under conditions of excess light energy and participates in photoprotection. In the Arabidopsis lut2 npq2 double mutant, all xanthophylls were replaced constitutively by zeaxanthin, the only xanthophyll whose synthesis

Identification of genes coding for functional zeaxanthin epoxidases in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

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Phaeodactylum tricornutum like other diatoms synthesizes fucoxanthin and diadinoxanthin as major carotenoid end products. The genes involved have recently been assigned for early pathway steps. Beyond β-carotene, only gene candidates for β-carotene hydroxylase, zeaxanthin epoxidase and zeaxanthin

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