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Growing evidence has demonstrated that inflammation and alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) contribute to the pathophysiology of bipolar depression (BD). Pentoxifylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that improves CBF and has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. We therefore
In a 4-week crossover study in 38 patients with COPD, roflumilast 500μg daily significantly reduced sputum absolute neutrophil count, IL-8 and neutrophil elastase compared with placebo treatment. Interestingly, the mechanism of anti-neutrophilic inflammation with roflumilast treatment in patients
After SAHa, approximately 28% of patients will present DCI. DCI is a major cause of death and disability and will condition the neurological prognosis. Its treatment is not really codified, because of the absence of scientific proof of good level. Milrinone, an inhibitor of type III
Creatine and caffeine are among the most popular ergogenic aids used by exercising individuals. Creatine supplementation during resistance training has been shown to increase muscle mass and muscle performance (i.e. strength, endurance), possibly by influencing high-energy phosphate metabolism,
Primary end point The pharmacodynamics of LH and the comparison of response to LH and hCG will be assessed by measuring serum steroid levels by liquid-chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The primary end point is serum testosterone levels in response to increasing doses of LH
Sub-clinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a form of thyroid dysfunction in which the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level is high, while serum total/free thyroxine (T4/fT4) is within the normal reference range . SCH is mostly detected accidentally as most of the patients manifest few or no signs of
1. Purpose Renal ischemia-reperfusion injuries (IRI) are the result of multifactorial mechanisms. During ischemia, the kidney is subject to reduced blood flow, oxygen delivery, and nutrients. This leads to the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products (i.e. creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) that
there is some evidence for the role of phosphodiesterase (PDE) signaling system in pathophysiology of schizophrenia making this system a potential target for therapeutic agents. PDEs are a family of enzymes that hydrolyse cyclic nucleotides and thus play a key role in regulating intracellular levels
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal genetic disease in Caucasians. The predicted median life expectancy age for patients with CF is 47.7 years compared to 78.8 years in the general U.S. population. Exercise intolerance, evaluated as a reduction in exercise capacity (VO2 peak), has been
Glomerulonephritis occurs in up to one-half of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Guidelines published by the American College of Rheumatology in 2012 (1) suggested a multi-targeted treatment approach that has been shown to lead to
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease and a common affliction among children. Twice daily topical corticosteroid (TCS) use over several weeks is recommended for active inflammatory disease. Side effects of TCS range from cutaneous atrophy to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are first-line drugs for the treatment of persistent asthma. The effectiveness of existing ICS is excellent; however, a number of questions remain regarding its possible adverse effects, despite the fact that the use of the inhalation route has allowed the minimization
RPL554 is a dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) which are known to have a role in modulating the inflammatory airway response in respiratory diseases, including COPD. PDE3 inhibitors act as bronchodilators whilst PDE4 inhibitors have anti-inflammatory