Calcium/calmodulin regulation of the rat prolactin gene is conferred by the proximal enhancer region.

The effects of the calcium/calmodulin signaling system on expression of the rat PRL gene were studied in rat pituitary GH3 cells using two specific naphthalene sulfonamide calmodulin (CaM) antagonist drugs, W7 and a more potent and more highly specific iodo-derivative, 5-iodo-1-C8. PRL (but not GH) mRNA accumulation was markedly inhibited by W7, which in coincubations abolished the stimulation normally seen with TRH. Transient transfection assays showed that expression of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) linked to 5'-flanking sequences from the PRL gene was inhibited by the calcium-channel blocker verapamil and by the two CaM antagonists. The calcium effects showed partial promoter specificity, in that transcription of PRL-CAT constructs was markedly inhibited by verapamil, but the Rous sarcoma virus-CAT construct also showed significant inhibition, whereas the pBL-CAT2 construct was unaffected. Three hundred ninety five base pairs were sufficient to confer the full inhibitory effect of calcium channel blockade or CaM antagonist seen with longer constructs. The data indicate that CaM is important for PRL gene transcription, and that the effects of CaM are exerted on DNA sequences within the proximal 395bp of prolactin 5'-flanking DNA.