Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2) occur in around 5% of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Neomorphic activity of mutant IDH2 proteins results in hypermethylation of DNA and histones, leading to blocked haemopoietic differentiation. Enasidenib, an inhibitor of mutated IDH2 proteins, induces responses in patients with IDH2-mutated, relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia. We aimed to establish the clinical outcomes of enasidenib monotherapy in a subgroup of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes harbouring mutations in IDH2 from the AG221-C-001 trial.The multicentre, open-label, phase 1-2 AG221-C-001 trial enrolled patients with advanced haematological malignancies (2008 WHO criteria) harbouring an IDH2 mutation. The present study is a subgroup analysis of patients with IDH2-mutated myelodysplastic syndromes in the phase 1 dose-escalation and expansion portions of the trial. Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes were aged 18 years or older with an ECOG performance status score of 2 or lower, and were relapsed or refractory to, or ineligible for, standard treatments. Patients received oral doses of enasidenib at 60-300 mg per day in repeated 28-day treatment cycles. In this subgroup analysis, we focused on the safety and activity of enasidenib as main outcomes. Overall response rate, duration of response, and overall and event-free survival analyses were by intention-to-treat. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of study drug in terms of treatment-emergent adverse events. The AG221-C-001 trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01915498, status ongoing but closed to recruitment.17 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes harbouring an IDH2 mutation (median age, 67·0 years [IQR 60·5-73·0]) were enrolled between Feb 18, 2014, and Sept 1, 2015. At data cutoff (Oct 1, 2018), after a median follow-up of 11·0 months (IQR 6·8-23·0), all patients had discontinued enasidenib, with a median of 3 treatment cycles (2-15) for all patients (five [29%] received ≥12 cycles). At entry, three (18%) patients had relapsed after allogeneic stem-cell transplants, 13 (76%) had previously received therapy with hypomethylating agents, and ten (59%) had received at least two previous therapies. No dose-limiting toxicities were reported. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were diarrhoea and nausea (in nine [53%] patients each). Most common grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events were indirect hyperbilirubinaemia (in six [35%] patients), pneumonia (in five [29%] patients), and thrombocytopaenia (in four [24%] patients). Serious treatment-emergent adverse events in more than one patient were pneumonia (in five [29% patients); tumor lysis syndrome (in three [18%] patients); and sepsis, atrial flutter, indirect hyperbilirubinaemia, cerebral hemorrhage, and mental status change (in two [12%] patients each). No treatment-related deaths occurred. An overall response was achieved in 9 patients (53% [95% CI 28-77]), with a median duration of response of 9·2 months (95% CI 1·0-not reached). Six (46%) of 13 patients previously treated with hypomethylating agents responded. Median overall survival was 16·9 months (95% CI 1·5-32·3), and median event-free survival was 11·0 months (1·5-16·7).Enasidenib is generally well tolerated and can induce responses in patients with mutant IDH2 myelodysplastic syndromes, including in those who have had previous therapy with hypomethylating agents. Testing for IDH2 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes is essential for identifying patients who might benefit from enasidenib therapy, including those patients in whom conventional treatments have been unsuccessful.Celgene and Agios Pharmaceuticals.
