Preparation of the polidocanol foam according to Tessari technique immediately before application (so that the "microbubbles" of the foam did not disintegrate);
Application according to the Blanchard technique (Fig. 2) through a disposable transparent anoscope, with the patient in jackknife position, using a 20mL disposable syringe of the mixture (polidocanol + air) and a reusable 10 cm syringe extender adapted to an intravenous needle;
Patients treated in a maximum of 3 sessions at 3 weeks intervals;
Maximum dose per treatment session of 20mL of mixture of 4mL of polidocanol 3% with 16mL of air;
In each session more than one hemorrhoid cushion could be treated.

Use of reusable metal ligation device connected to a vacuum system (McGown suction method) to apply the rubber bands above the dentated line through a disposable transparent anoscope with the patient in jackknife position;
A maximum of 3 sessions of ligation at 3-week intervals were performed;
More than 1 band per session could be applied.

Hemorrhoids, Internal

Two distinct periods were considered: intervention and follow-up. During the intervention period patients were observed at 3-week intervals (minimum of 3 weeks and maximum of 9 weeks depending on the number of instrumental treatments performed). The required number of sessions of any of the office-based treatments (maximum of 3 sessions) was determined by clinical and anoscopy response (if after the treatment the participant scored zero points in the Sodergren scale or the anoscopy did not reveal significant hemorrhoidal disease, there was no place for additional instrumental therapy and the patient started the follow-up period.
If there was therapeutic failure at the end of the third session or if there was a significant complication (moderate or severe) the patient's participation in the study ended and he was referred for treatment with other type of office-based procedure or surgery.

Polidocanol Injectable Foam

Rubber band ligation

Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto

Polidocanol Foam Versus Rubber Band Ligation in the Treatment of Hemorrhoidal Disease

Sclerotherapy With Polidocanol Foam Versus Rubber Band Ligation in the Treatment of First, Second and Third-Grade Hemorrhoidal Disease: a Randomized, Controlled Trial

Achievement of therapeutic success. Classified as:
Complete (Sodergren score = 0 and bleeding grade ≤ 1);
Partial (Sodergren score> 0 and bleeding grade > 1 but with improvement over initial score);
Therapeutic failure (participants that, at the end of three sessions of instrumental treatment, aggravated or maintained the initial Sodergren score and bleeding grade).

Recurrence of hemorrhoidal disease during the follow-up period (only for patients who have had some degree of therapeutic success). Classified as:
Mild (Sodergren score and bleeding grade higher than the evaluation at the beginning of the follow-up period but lower than the initial ones without the need for instrumental or surgical intervention);
Severe (Sodergren score and degree of hemorrhage ≥ the initial one requiring instrumental or surgical intervention).

Complications resulting from the office-based procedures are recorded and classified as:
Mild (e.g. pain/discomfort; pruritus; bright red blood on toilet paper/cleaning pad, hemorrhoidal thrombosis requiring only medical treatment);
Moderate (e.g. external hemorrhoidal thrombosis requiring surgical intervention; bright red blood that drips in the toilet or clot expulsion not requiring blood transfusion, urgent hemostasis or urgent surgery): obliges the participant to be withdrawn from the study but do not endanger the patient's life or leave long term sequelae;
Severe (e.g. sepsis; Fournier's gangrene; perineal abscess; bleeding with hemodynamic instability, transfusional need or urgent surgery; sexual impotence in man): obliges the participant to be withdrawn from the study and put the patient's life at risk or implies long-term sequelae.

Number of instrumental treatment sessions required to achieve therapeutic success.

Evolution of the grade of hemorrhoidal disease (Goligher's classification).

Paulo Sérgio Durão Salgueiro

Principal Investigator

Universidade do Porto

Participants will be randomly assigned to either rubber band ligation or sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam, stratified by grade of hemorrhoidal disease

inclusion criteria
among patients with mild acute cholecystitis (grade I by Tokyo guidelines) or moderate acute cholecystitis without evidence of gallbladder perforation(grade II)
cholecystitis with a thickness of 4 mm or more on gallbladder in preoperative imaging
Gallbladder with surrounding organs due to gallbladder inflammation
Patients over 19 years of age
First-generation cephalosporin (Cefazolin inj., 1g, Cefazolin sodium, Chong-geun-dang pharm.co.) was used as before and during surgery.

among patients with mild acute cholecystitis (grade I by Tokyo guidelines) or moderate acute cholecystitis without evidence of gallbladder perforation(grade II)
cholecystitis with a thickness of 4 mm or more on gallbladder in preoperative imaging
Gallbladder with surrounding organs due to gallbladder inflammation
Patients over 19 years of age
Sencond-generation cephalosporin (Shincef inj., 750mg, Cefuroxime sodium, Shin-poong pharm.co.) was used as before and during surgery.

Cholecystitis, Acute

Method of operation
Surgery was started under general anesthesia
A trocar of 10 mm was placed on the navel, 5 mm under the blade, and 5 mm trocar was placed on the right upper abdomen.
Pneumoperitoneum was performed using CO2 gas in the abdominal cavity.
Dissection started from Calot's triangle and the operation was performed by retrograde cholecystectomy.
The excised gallbladder was placed in a laparoscopic pocket and extracted through the umbilicus.
The trocar was removed and the skin was sutured
On the 1st day after surgery, hematology, blood chemistry, urine, blood clotting, and chest x-rays were performed. (Inspection and treatment were performed according to the current clinical pathway of gallbladder surgery)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Department of HBP Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's hospital

Empirical Antibiotics in Acute Inflammatory Gallbladder Disease

Results of Surgical Management According to the Type of Empirical Antibiotics in Acute Inflammatory Gallbladder Disease; a Randomized Controlled Trial

Incidence of infectious postoperative complications in patients who underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to grade I Tokyo guidelines for acute cholecystitis or grade II Tokyo guidelines for acute cholecystitis except the evidence of gallbladder perforation, with the first-generation cephalosporin and the second-generation cephalosporin.

The duration between the operation day and the day of discharge

Taeho Hong

Professor

Seoul St. Mary's Hospital

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, surgical skin preparation solution: ChloraPrep (2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% isopropyl alcohol; Enturia, El Paso, Texas)

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, surgical skin preparation solution:DuraPrep (0.7% available iodine and 74% isopropyl alcohol; 3MHealthcare, St. Paul, Minnesota).

Arthroplasty, Replacement

Chlora Prep

Dura Prep

Texas Tech University Health Science Center Orthopaedic Surgery

Efficacy of Surgical Preparation Solutions in Knee Surgery

Quantitative and qualitative bacterial load will be obtained by skin cultures and one deep joint tissue culture from the joint space prior to wound closure in primary and revision total knee surgeries.

bacteremia/kalij

Polidocanol Foam Versus Rubber Band Ligation in the Treatment of Hemorrhoidal Disease

Empirical Antibiotics in Acute Inflammatory Gallbladder Disease

Efficacy of Surgical Preparation Solutions in Knee Surgery

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