First Report of Twig Canker of Hazelnut Caused by Fusarium lateritium in Italy.

Cultivation of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) has considerable economic potential in Italy, in particular, in the northern Lazio Region. Since early summer of 2000, cankered twigs have been observed on hazelnut trees that were severely affected by gray necrosis, which is a disease complex causing fruit drop (1). In subsequent years, sunken areas were observed on 1-year-old shoots from late April through May. The resulting cankers had reddish brown margins and the death of the cambium in the infected area and produced an L-shaped malformation of twigs. Girdling of the twig by the canker resulted in death of the foliage. Yellow-to-orange sporodochia were evident on cankers by early June. Isolations were made from the margins of young cankers from 20 twigs collected from 10 trees. Tissue pieces were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) after surface disinfection with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Slow-growing, cream-to-reddish brown colonies with sparse aerial mycelium emerged from 80% of diseased tissue pieces within 10 days of incubation at 20 to 22°C. Conidial production was induced by keeping pure cultures at 22 to 25°C under natural light but out of direct sunlight. Within 1 month, sporodochia bearing ellipsoidal, spindle-shaped, commonly 1 to 3 septate macroconidia developed. Intercalary chlamydospores were often present in chains. Single conidia were subcultured on carnation leaf agar (CLA). On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, the fungus was identified as Fusarium lateritium Nees. (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted outdoors on the current year's shoots of hazelnut trees with four isolates derived from single conidia of F. lateritium. Inocula used were either mycelial plugs cut from the margin of actively growing cultures or small (10 × 10 mm) pieces of sterile cheesecloth soaked in 1 × 10⁶ conidia per ml suspension. The mycelial plugs were placed under the bark, while the soaked cheesecloth pieces were wrapped around an area that had been wounded by gently scraping off a length of the bark (approximately 10 mm) with a sterile needle. All the inoculations were wrapped with Parafilm to prevent desiccation. Six inoculations per isolate were performed. In a similar manner, controls were inoculated with agar plugs or water only. After 3 months, the length and width of each canker were measured. For both inoculation methods, cankers were similar to those observed in nature and averaged 20.6 × 5 mm, while the controls did not show any symptoms. F. lateritium was consistently reisolated from the canker margins of the inoculated shoots. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. lateritium causing twig cankers on hazelnut. The fungus has been reported to cause cankers on several tree species, including Malus domestica (apple), Morus spp. (mulberry), Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree), Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Citrus spp., and Pyrus pyrifolia (Asian pear). References: (1) A. Belisario et al. Inf. Agrario 59(6):71, 2003. (2) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 1983.