One hour exposure to filtered air during intermittent exercise in controlled chamber, 6 hours after exposure bronchoscopy is performed.

One hour exposure to biodiesel exhaust (generated at same running conditions as earlier studies with diesel exhaust at approximate particle matter concentration 300 mcg/m3) during intermittent exercise in controlled chamber. Six hours after exposure bronchoscopy is performed.

Inflammation

The bronchoscopy procedure was performed six hours after completion of the exposure session, with sampling of endobronchial mucosal biopsies, bronchial wash and bronchoalveolar lavage performed under topical anaesthesia.

Bronchoscopy

Pulmonary Effects of 100% Biodiesel Exhaust

Bronchial wash (BW) collected by bronchoscopy will be analyzed for cytokines (%).

Bronchial wash (BW) collected by bronchoscopy will be analyzed for inflammatory cell counts (cells/ml).

Metabolomic testing done with mass spectrometry on blood samples, BW and BAL.

BAL collected by bronchoscopy will be analyzed for inflammatory markers, such as cell counts (cells/ml).

Biopsies collected by bronchoscopy will be analyzed for inflammatory markers, such as cell counts (cells/mm2).

Jenny Bosson

MD, PhD

Umeå University

The participant in the Nordic diet group will experience three interventions: a) a systematic introduction of taste portions, b) Protein reduced complementary foods (milk cereal drinks, porridge and baby milk with reduced protein content), and c) homemade and industry manufactured main meals with a predominance of Nordic ingredients.

The participants will be given the current advice on infant feeding issued by the Swedish National Food Agency. They will also be given regular, commercially available milk cereal drinks, porridge, baby milk and industry manufactured main meals. No advice or recipes on meals will be given apart from the current recommendations.

Infant Development

Body Composition, Beneficial

Dietary Modification

A systematic introduction of plant foods from the Nordic diet

Systematic introduction of taste portions

Specially prepared, protein-reduced, age-adjusted milk cereal drinks, baby cereals and baby milk, and commercially available baby foods in glass jars

Protein reduced complementary foods

Taste portions, homemade and industry manufactured main meals with a predominance of Nordic ingredients

Nordic diet

Paediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences

OTIS - Optimized Complementary Feeding Study

Total body water (TBW) as a measure of body composition (3 compartment model) will be determined at 12 months of age. TBW will be assessed using deuterium (2H2O) in collaboration with the MRC Human Nutrition Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.

Total body water (TBW) as a measure of body composition (3 compartment model) will be determined at 18 months of age. TBW will be assessed using deuterium (2H2O) in collaboration with the MRC Human Nutrition Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.

At 9 mo. of age the parents will be asked to register the participating child's intake of foods and drinks during consecutive 5 days.

At 12 mo. of age the parents will be asked to register the participating child's intake of foods and drinks during consecutive 5 days. They will also be asked to photograph the child's meal portions just before the meal is served and right after, taking 2 photos each time from perpendicular angles.

At 18 mo. of age the parents will be asked to register the participating child's intake of foods and drinks during consecutive 5 days. They will also be asked to photograph the child's meal portions just before the meal is served and right after, taking 2 photos each time from perpendicular angles.

Blood samples will be collected for haemoglobin, iron status, P-urea, vitamins C, A, E, carotenoids, folic acid, cow's milk specific C15 and C17 fatty acids as secondary outcomes and markers of adherence.

At 9 mo. of age the participants will in a questionnaire be asked for symptoms of allergy, asthma, atopic disease and eczema.

At 12 mo. of age the participants will in a questionnaire be asked for symptoms of allergy, asthma, atopic disease and eczema.

At 18 mo. of age the participants will in a questionnaire be asked for symptoms of allergy, asthma, atopic disease and eczema.

The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) will be administered at 12 mo. of age as a measure of general development.

A videotaped single object free play task, as a measurement of cognitive development in relation to the nutritional intervention will be administered at 12 mo. of age.

The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) will be administered at 18 mo. of age as a measure of general development.

A videotaped single object free play task, as a measurement of cognitive development in relation to the nutritional intervention will be administered at 18 mo. of age.

Blood and urine samples will be collected for a number of biomarkers associated with metabolic function including plasma (P-) insulin, P-glucose, P-IGF-1, P-lipids and lipoproteins, P-fatty acids including LC-PUFAs (DHA, EPA, ARA), hsCRP, oxidative capacity, metabolomics and lipidomics.

Overall faecal microbiota composition using 16S rDNA analysis

Overall oral microbiota composition using 16S rDNA analysis

Blood pressure will be measured with the child sitting in the parent's lap using a Carescape Dinamap V100 monitor (GE Healthcare AB, Sweden) and age appropriate blood pressure cuffs. At baseline, the parents' blood pressure will be collected sitting, using the same equipment as described above.

A video-taped test meal to assess acceptability of new foods will be administered at 12 mo. of age. During the meal the parent will serve a mid-day snack (a fruit-flavoured yoghurt, a fruit-flavoured milk and a cracker with a vegetable spread) to the child.

A video-taped test meal to assess acceptability of new foods will be administered at 18 mo. of age. During the meal the parent will serve a mid-day snack (a fruit-flavoured yoghurt, a fruit-flavoured milk and a cracker with a vegetable spread) to the child.

Body mass index will be calculated from weight and length and assessed at 12 mo. of age

Body mass index will be calculated from weight and length and assessed at 18 mo. of age

Child temperament will be assessed with the Swedish versions of the Toddler Behaviour Questionnaire (TBQ) at 18 mo. of age.

Torbjörn Lind

Associate Professor

Semper AB

University of California

MRC Human Nutrition Research

SFA diet: Volunteers followed a high saturated fat diet for a 4-month period

High Saturated Fat Diet

MUFA diet: Volunteers followed a high monounsaturated fat diet for a 4-month period

High Monounsaturated Fat Diet

n-6 PUFA diet: Volunteers followed a high n-6 polyunsaturated fat diet for a 4-month period

High n-6 Polyunsaturated Fat Diet

Total

Sex: Female, Male

Region of Enrollment

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Waist Circumference

24-hour Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

24-hour Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

Fasting Total Cholesterol (TC)

Fasting High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)

Ratio of TC:HDL-C

Fasting Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)

Fasting Triacylglycerol (TAG)

Fasting Glucose

Percent Change in Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD)

Data for fasting serum lipids (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), TC:HDL-C ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triacylglycerol (TAG)).

Cardiovascular Risk Factors (Lipids, Inflammatory Markers, Indices of Insulin Resistance, Cell Microparticles, Endothelial Progenitor Cells)

24-hour, daytime and night-time measures of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP; SBP-DBP) and heart rate (HR)

24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure

PWV (m/s) PWA produces Augmentation Index (AIx; %) DVP produces Stiffness Index (SI; m/s) and Reflection Index (RI; %)

Vascular Stiffness by Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), Pulse Wave Analysis (PWA) and Digital Volume Pulse (DVP)

Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) with iontophoresis of acetylcholine (Ach; endothelium-dependent vasodilation) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; endothelium-independent vasodilation).

Microvascular Reactivity (Laser Doppler Imaging With Iontophoresis)

Overall Study

Professor Julie Lovegrove

Cardiovascular Disease

Volunteers are following a high saturated fat diet for a 4-month period

SFA diet

Volunteers are following a high monounsaturated fat diet for a 4-month period

MUFA diet

Volunteers are following a high n-6 polyunsaturated fat diet for a 4-month period

n-6 PUFA diet

Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading

University of Reading

Dietary Intervention and Vascular Function

The Effects of the Substitution of Dietary SFA With n-6 PUFA or MUFA on Vascular Function

Julie Lovegrove

Professor

Traditional palm oil normally used in foods

Use of Palm DAG Oil to replace palm oil traditionally used in foods

Palm DAG Oil

Penn State University

Healthy Fatty Acids in Transition

Healthy FAT (Fatty Acids in Transition) Study

Participants receive a two week break between diet periods. Diet period 1 runs from week 1-4 and diet period 2 from week 7-10.

Penny Kris-Etherton

Distinguished Professor of Nutrition

California Healthcare Institute

150 g/day of trout fed on marine based feed

150 g/d of trout fed on vegetable based feed

rapeseed/inflamació

Pulmonary Effects of 100% Biodiesel Exhaust

OTIS - Optimized Complementary Feeding Study

Dietary Intervention and Vascular Function

Healthy Fatty Acids in Transition

The Effects of Trout Fed With a Vegetable Based Feed on Cardiovascular Risk Markers and Plasma Proteome

La base de dades d’herbes medicinals més completa avalada per la ciència