All subjects will be in this arm which employs a pre-post exposure design. Subjects will undergo a 2 week washout period where they avoid consumption of benzoate containing beverages. Then there is a 1 week exposure period comprising daily consumption of benzoate containing beverages to result in up to 5 mg/kg per day benzoic acid intake.

Obesity

Metabolic Syndrome

Benzoic acid washout and exposure

Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University

Benzoates - an Obesogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemical

Benzoic Acid in Beverages: Establishing a Link Between Urinary Metabolites, Metabolic Dysregulation and Weight Loss Failure

Metabolic rate as measured by indirect calorimetry

Circulating levels of the adipokine leptin will be measured using ELISA

David Nash Collier

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

East Carolina University

1 µmol/kg bodyweight (10mM) was administered as a bolus into the stomach through a nasogastric feeding tube.

10 µmol/kg bodyweight (100mM) was administered as a bolus into the stomach through a nasogastric feeding tube.

An equal amount of tap water was administered as a bolus into the stomach through a nasogastric feeding tube.

1 µmol/kg bodyweight (10mM) was administered as a bolus into the proximal part of the duodenum through a nasogastric feeding tube.

10 µmol/kg bodyweight (100mM) was administered as a bolus into the proximal part of the duodenum through a nasogastric feeding tube.

An equal amount of tap water was administered as a bolus into the proximal part of the duodenum through a nasogastric feeding tube.

Healthy

Denatonium benzoate

Quinine hydrochloride

Tap water

The Effect of Bitter Taste Receptor Agonists on The Gastrointestinal Tract, Hunger and Food Intake

The Role of Bitter Taste Receptors Expressed in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Altering Food Intake and Gastrointestinal Motility

Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven

Overweight

Subjects will consume 500ml of water with 0.5 grams of sodium benzoate, followed by a solution of 75g sugar in 500ml water with 0.5 grams sodium benzoate 3 hours later.
Each solution will be consumed over 5 minutes.

benzoate containing test drinks

Subjects will consume 500ml of water followed by a solution of 75g sugar in 500ml water 3 hours later.
Each solution will be consumed over 5 minutes.

non sodium benzoate containing test drinks

Massachusetts General Hospital

Children's Hospital

Effects of a Food Preservative on Glucose Homeostasis

Plasma glucose will be measured at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion of each test solution, and area under the curve will be calculated.

Serum Insulin will be measured at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion of each test solution, and area under the curve will be calculated.

Plasma Glucagon will be measured at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion of each test solution, and area under the curve will be calculated.

Metabolite analysis will be performed on blood samples at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion of each test solution, and area under the curve will be calculated.

benzoate/obezita

Benzoates - an Obesogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemical

The Effect of Bitter Taste Receptor Agonists on The Gastrointestinal Tract, Hunger and Food Intake

Effects of a Food Preservative on Glucose Homeostasis

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