Participants will be given written educational material to encourage dietary change towards a better quality diet. Educational material will be adapted from resources used in previous dietary intervention studies.

Participants will also be given the educational material, but will be encouraged to make dietary change using individualized recommendations incorporating food markers of specific components of a high quality diet. Food markers of diet quality will be used to develop an algorithm to deliver personalized dietary advice. Based on biomarker data, a system of categorization of biomarker status will be developed, alongside dietary advice related to this biomarker categorization, and decision trees created, as previously described in the Food4Me study, to ensure standardized delivery of advice within this intervention arm.

Cardiovascular Diseases

Personalised dietary advice and educational material

Educational material

The Efficacy of Individualized Dietary Advice in Improving Diet Quality and Cardiovascular Health

Dietary intake will be assessed using an online version of the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS). Foods are classified as healthy and unhealthy. Points will be assigned according to the following criteria: 0-1 serving/wk (0 point) compared with 2-3 servings/wk (1 point) compared with ≥4 servings/wk (2 points) for the healthy food groups. Scoring will be reversed and points deducted for the unhealthy food groups. Points for each food group will be then summed to give an overall score. The PDQS has 21 food groups and ranges from 0 to 42 total points.

Questionnaire to assess number of units consumed weekly

Questionnaire to assess usual medication use (drug name, dose and frequency of use)

Physical activity using an accelerometer; data to be used will be total step count

Weight will be measured in kg using calibrated scales.

Waist and hip circumference will be measured in cm according to standardised operating procedures using a tape measure.

Height will be measured in metres using a stadiometer.

Body composition (% body fat) will be measured using bioelectrical impedence (Bodystat 1500).

Blood pressure will be measured twice from the right arm, using an automated Omron sphygmomanometer, with the participant sitting quietly for at least five minutes.

Serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-C, and TG) and whole blood HbA1c will be assessed by enzymatic assays (Randox Ltd, Crumlin, NI and Glen Bio, Antrim, NI) on an I-Lab 600 auto-analyzer. LDL-C will be calculated.

The following biomarkers will be used to assess nutritional status response to the dietary intervention: red meat - methylhistidines and carnosine; white meat - TMAO, guanidoacetate, anserine; fruit and vegetables -- proline betaine, isothiocyanates, S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, and tartaric acid; wholegrains - alkylresorcinols; coffee - phenolic acids, N-methylpyridinium, trigonelline, 2-furoylglycine; SSBs -- formate, citrulline, taurine, and isocitrate) red meat- methylhistidines; oily fish- omega-3 index; fruit and vegetables- total carotenoids and proline betaine; wholegrain- alkylresorcinols.

Sample handling and nucleic acid purifications will be performed following an established protocol. Illumina DNA-seq libraries with fragment length of ~300 bp will be generated as previously described, with Pippen prep size selection. For RNA-seq, 5ug of RNA will be enriched for mRNA and subjected to strand-specific cDNA synthesis using established protocols. Paired-end sequencing (e.g. 150x150 nt) will be performed on the Illumina HiSeq platform.

At early planning stage of study - undecided.

Jayne Woodside, PhD

Professoe

Queen's University, Belfast

University College Dublin

Harvard School of Public Health

Randomised parallel group dietary intervention: two group.

All outcomes will be conducted blind, including the primary outcome (diet quality score), laboratory analysis and cardiometabolic health marker assessment.

Daily consumption of 30 g of raw, fresh, broccoli sprouts, not cooked, during 10 weeks (70 days), followed by other 90 days of no ingestion of broccoli sprouts

Obesity

Inflammation

Broccoli sprouts

Effects of the Consumption of Broccoli Sprouts in Overweight Subjects

Plasma levels of IL-6 measured at days 0, 70, 90 and 160 days of intervention

Plasma levels of C-reactive protein measured at days 0, 70, 90 and 160 days of intervention

24 h-urine levels of glucosinolates and their metabolites measured by UHPLC-MS/MS

Débora Villaño

Proffesor

Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia

National Research Council, Spain

The intervention consisted on a 10-week period which included daily consumption of a portion (30 g) of raw, fresh broccoli sprouts. After the intervention period, a follow-up recovery period for all subjects continued for other 90 days with no ingestion of broccoli sprouts.

Four x 100g portions of Beneforte broccoli will be consumed each week for twelve weeks, on top of the participants habitual diet.

Four x 100g portions of Parthenon broccoli will be consumed each week for twelve weeks, on top of the participants habitual diet.

Four x 100g portions of Beneforte broccoli will be consumed each week for twelve weeks, on top of the participants habitual diet

Beneforte broccoli

Four x 100g portions of Parthenon broccoli will be consumed each week for twelve weeks, on top of the participants habitual diet

Parthenon Broccoli

University of Reading

Institute of Food Research

Broccoli and Vascular Health Study

The LDL cholesterol concentration (mmol/L) will be measured before and after a 12 week intervention with broccoli, using a Instrumentation Laboratories kit for use on an ILAB auto analyser.

The clinical biomarkers include, hs-CRP (mg/L), NEFAs(mg/dL), Plasma NO(umol/L), hs-IL6(pg/mL), TNF-α(pg/mL), ox LDL(umol/L), IL-1beta(pg/L), PCOOH(pmols/L), F-2 isoprostanes (mg/mL/mg creatine) and 8-OHdG (ng/mL).
The effect of the intervention on arterial stiffness on a sub section of the cohort (Reading cohort)will also be measured. The first measurement will be Pulse wave velocity (m/sec); the 2nd measurement will be Laser Doppler Imaging with iontophoresis (perfusion units(area under the blood flow.time curve)).

DNA samples from all participants will be genotyped for PAPOLG (NM_022894.3) rs11687951, rs28459296 and rs7579240 and GSTM1 genotype using predesigned Invitrogen TaqMan® Assays according to manufacturers' instructions.

isothiocyanate/obezita

The Efficacy of Individualized Dietary Advice in Improving Diet Quality and Cardiovascular Health

Effects of the Consumption of Broccoli Sprouts in Overweight Subjects

Broccoli and Vascular Health Study

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