Efect of Quinoa and Flaxseed in Cititoxicity and Glicemic Control in Metabolic Syndrome Patients

The "strong pulse disease" was treated by acupuncture, phlebotomy and leeches from 2600 to c. Modern history began when in 1628 William Harvey described the circulatory system and in 1733 stephen hales made the first blood pressure measurement. In 1896 was recognized as a clinical entity, thanks to the invention of the sphygmomanometer by Riva-rocci and in 1913 janeway coined the term "hypertensive vascular disease". The metabolic syndrome was described since 1988 as syndrome x, with the intention of showing how the cardiovascular risk factors are grouped together: obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension. Earlier, in 1920, Kylin had described that diabetes, high blood pressure and gout were associated, but not related to cardiovascular disease. Syndrome x was later called insulin resistance syndrome and, finally, metabolic syndrome or cardiometabolic syndrome. By 1999, the world health organization reported what would be the first diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Soon they were reason for criticism because they were considered impractical, because it was necessary to diagnose insulin resistance and microalbuminuria. From then to date numerous criteria have been reported, perhaps the most used to date, in adults they are the

3.- NCEP-ATPIII (from the third treatment panel of adults of the national cholesterol education program of the United States). The main trigger of this conglomerate of atherogenic, prothrombotic, proinflammatory and metabolic factors is obesity, in our country, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults increased from 62 to 70% in just five years. In the last century, in Mexico the energy density of the diet was increased by almost 24% (26% more carbohydrates and 36% more fat) and physical activity has been reduced In Mexico, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents is 20% and is strongly linked to overweight and childhood obesity.

Mexicans are world leaders in obesity, since one in three Mexicans is overweight due to poor diet. In February 2012, the organization for cooperation and economic development (OECD) reported that Mexico was the second most overweight or obese country on a list that includes 40 nations, adding that three out of seven Mexicans have a waistline bigger than they should be. Chronic degenerative diseases have displaced infectious diseases as the main causes of mortality in Mexico. In 2011, 70 of every 100.00 people died from this disease in the country.

In Mexico, aguilar-salinas reported an age-adjusted prevalence of 13.6% with the criterion of the world health organization and 26.6% with the ncep-atpiii criterion in people between 20 and 69 years old, from the ensa survey. -2000; while González-Villalpando in the Diabetes Study of Mexico City reported prevalences of 39.9 and 59.9% for men and women, respectively, based on the criteria of the Ncep-ATP III.

In Mexico, diabetes is the leading cause of blindness acquired in the productive age; as well it is the first cause of non-traumatic amputations of the lower limbs and of chronic renal failure. Short and long-term complications require medical attention and specialized treatments, which means that your care entails overwhelmingly high costs. The Binomial insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia are associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality expressed as atherosclerosis, acute cerebral, cardiac or peripheral ischemic syndromes, as well as other pathologies, which due to their coexistence and physiopathological co-responsibility has been called metabolic syndrome.

In 2011 Mexico ranked ninth in the world in the prevalence of diabetes and the projections indicate that by the year 2025, the country will occupy the sixth or seventh place. Diabetes mellitus is defined as a chronic disease that involves a heterogeneous group of disorders that alter the production and use of insulin by the body. The most frequent modality is type 2, which occurs in adults, although it is increasingly appearing in young people and children. When there are sustained increases in blood glucose, decompensation and complications occur.

Therefore, although diabetes is an endocrine disease in its origin, its main manifestations are those of a metabolic disease. On average, men with diabetes die at a younger age than women (67 versus 70 years respectively) and only 20% of men who have developed this condition live more than 75 years, compared to 26% in the case of women. In a study conducted in Mexico by Arredondo and Icazaen 2011, the direct costs of care for the disease were calculated in all institutions of the health sector and private insurance, which amounted to $ 343,226,541 m.n. in terms of indirect costs, they were estimated around $ 778,427, 475 m.n. It is important to emphasize that for every 100 pesos spent on diabetes in Mexico, approximately 51 pesos comes from households / family income, which represents a social burden of very high impact. Regarding direct costs, of every 100 pesos spent on diabetes in Mexico, 52 are spent on 10% of the population, 33 on 48% (insured) of the population and 15 pesos on the remaining 42% of the population. population (uninsured), so, in terms of allocation and flow of economic resources, the problems of inequity and access to health are evident depending on the group to which the patients and their families belong.

During the last decades, mortality due to cardiovascular diseases has increased, until it has become the leading cause of death in the United Mexican States.

Atherosclerosis is among the main causes for the development of these diseases. Atherosclerosis plays a central role in three of the first five causes of death in Mexico. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial process caused by risk factors that damage the endothelium chronically. Among which are the age, inheritance, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, elevation of systemic blood pressure, overweight and obesity, elevation of glucose levels as well as inadequate serum lipid levels. Dyslipidemias are one of the main modifiable factors of cardiovascular risk. The scrutiny and treatment of dyslipidemias is cost-effective in the entire population over 20 years of age. In addition, dyslipidemias and arterial hypertension are frequently associated and have a synergistic effect on cardiovascular risk. The results of the national health and nutrition survey 2006, show that overweight and obesity are problems that affect 70% of the population between 30 and 65 years of age, the prevalence of diabetes by previous medical diagnosis and of finding of the survey in adults at national level was 14.42%, the prevalence of hypertension was 30.8%. The general prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 26.5%, with 28.8% in women and 22.7% in men.

Situation of overweight and obesity. A reflection of national nutrition surveys in Mexico. In 2006, according to the results of the ENSANUT, one in three men or women Teenagers are overweight or obese. This represents around 5,757, 400 adolescents in the country. The prevalence of overweight and obesity of women aged 12 to 19 in 2006 was compared with that of 1999, using the criteria proposed by the IOTF. There is a modest increase in overweight from 21.6 to 23.3 (7.8%) and a small absolute increase, but high in relative terms, in obesity: from 6.9 to 9.2 (33.3%). The prevalence of overweight, but especially that of obesity, tended to increase with age up to 60 years; in ages of 60, 70 and over 80 years, the trend of both conditions decreased, both in men and women.

Quinoa The quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd., Amaranthaceae), an ancient crop of the mountains of the Andes of South America, has quickly gained popularity as a food functional and nutraceutical. Due to its properties the organization of agriculture and food nations launched the international year of quinoa in 2013 to promote global production, consumption, preservation and development of the biodiversity of this crop. It has more than three thousand varieties or ecotypes, both cultivated and wild, that can be summarized in five basic categories according to the altitudinal gradient: ecotypes of the sea level, the altiplano, the inter-Andean valleys, the salt flats and the yungas. It is a grain that has outstanding intrinsic characteristics, such as: its wide genetic variability, whose genetic pool is extraordinarily strategic to develop superior varieties (precocity, color and grain size, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, the yield of grain and by-products). It has a protein of high biological value for its high content of lysine and its balance of essential amino acids, is comparable to animal protein. It is widely used, both in human and animal feed, using the leaves and tender stems as leafy vegetables, until the phase of the beginning of the panning, then the tender panicles are consumed in replacement of inflorescence vegetables, and the ripe grain, directly or processed.

Minerals: magnesium, zinc, iron and potassium. Unfortunately, quinoa contains phytic acid that can break down these minerals and reduce their absorption digestive touch.

Fitoecdisteroides: containing a wide range of therapeutic effects in mammals, including anabolic, increasing in performance, anti osteoporotic, and wound healing property.

flavonoids: these are natural antioxidants of plants, which provide multiple health benefits. Two of the best known flavonoids are kaempferol and quercetin, which is found in large quantities in quinoa. The amount of quercetin present in quinoa is higher than high superfoods in quercetin such as blueberries. These molecules have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-depressant, anti-carcinogenic properties, although until now only in animal studies. There is a lack of studies in humans.

Antioxidants This implies that you have several substances that help you get rid of free radicals, which are responsible for aging and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In a comparison study between 10 foods it was found that quinoa had the highest amount of antioxidants.

Flaxseed Flaxseed corresponds to the flax seed (linum usitatissimum L.) and has been traditionally used as an oilseed. In recent decades there has been great interest in it due to the recognition that some of its components offer potential benefits for the maintenance of health and the prevention of some chronic noncommunicable diseases. Among these compounds with biological activity include alpha-linolenic acid, lignans and dietary fiber. Flax seed contains various compounds that can offer health benefits such as reduced risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, mitigating the effects of diabetes, kidney diseases, obesity, cancer of the colon and rectum, reduction of serum cholesterol level and promotion of intestinal evacuation.

Functional foods are foods that resemble traditional ones, but that differ from them in that they offer benefits beyond their nutritional and energetic value, in the promotion and prevention of some chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, disorders of the autoimmune system , diabetes, arthritis and arrhythmia.

In recent years, the use of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been promoted as a functional food for its health benefits, mainly attributable to its content of omega-3 fatty acids, lignans, and dietary fiber (Ostojich, 2012). Due to its exclusive nutrient profile and its potential to affect the risk and development of cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, especially those dependent on hormones such as breast and prostate, it was also found effective in reducing the levels of hemoglobin A1c and cholesterol in individuals with cholesterol and high blood sugar.

Cytotoxicity and micronuclei in oral mucosa. The micronuclei are complete chromosomes or fragments of these that remain outside the cell nucleus during mitosis, the study of these can give information about the cytotoxicity, as well as environmental effects, as occupational. Cytotoxicity is mediated by intrinsic and environmental elements in which the individual is exposed, such is the case of the increased presence of micronuclei in metabolic syndrome as in diabetic patients, in the literature it has been reported that the consumption of foods rich in antioxidants could decrease the number of micronuclei.

The oral cavity has been described as a tissue in which changes associated with illness can be observed, as well as exposure to tobacco, alcoholism, or other harmful substances, as well as various entities where there are deficiencies of vitamins and antioxidants, can also assess side effects of exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy because the latter can affect the proliferative capacity of epithelial cells and even of the oropharyngeal tissue that can reach ulcers due to thinning.

The characteristics that can be observed in the micronucleus test are the following:

Normal cells: the nucleus of these is uniformly dyed, it can be round or oval. These cells are considered as totally differentiated cells and no cell divisions are observed.

Micronucleated cell (cmn): characterized by the presence of a main nucleus and one or more small nuclear structures called micronuclei. A micronucleus is round or almond shaped and measures between 1/3 and 1/16 of the main nucleus, has the same intensity in focal plane as the nucleus and is a fragment or a complete chromosome that at the time of mitosis is not integrated into the nucleus. one of the nuclei of the daughter cells.

Binucleate cell (bn): are cells that contain two main nuclei, usually the nuclei are very close and could even make contact, both with morphology and staining similar to a normal nucleus and there could be two cells with double genetic material.

There are few studies that include the micronucleus technique as a tool to evaluate cellular cytotoxicity in patients with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus. In 2011, Andreassi et al. Studied the frequency of micronuclei in patients with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, finding greater genetic damage assessed by comet assay and micronuclei, to the group of diabetic patients and those with cardiovascular damage compared to healthy subjects ( p <0.0001 in micronucleated binuclear cells) and longer tails in patients with diabetes with cardiovascular damage compared to clinically healthy controls (p = 0.01).

In 2015, a study was conducted by Harishankar et al., Where they evaluated patients with diabetes mellitus treated with metformin and glimepiride by means of the micronucleus test in exfoliated urothelial cells, finding that those patients treated with metformin and glimepirin obtained a higher quantity of micronuclei. In comparison with healthy controls (p = 0.001) and those treated with only metformin and metformin with glimepirine, were the groups of subjects with the most micronuclei obtained, it is important to mention that they used two methods with clear field and with fluorescence stained with iodide of propidium not finding differences between both study techniques (Harishankar, 2015).

Karaman et al., In 2015, studied cytotoxic damage by comet and micronucleus assays, finding that patients with metabolic syndrome had longer tails in the comet assay (p <0.001) and also a higher number of micronuclei (p <0.001) in this same group compared to the control group.

So it would be very important to evaluate if the amount of micronuclei decreases when the patient performs a diet rich in antioxidants, because it is not yet identified if this could not only help the decrease of clinical parameters such as lipid profile, glycemic, BMI , among others; but to identify if cytotoxicity also decreases.