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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in the U.S, and aging is the largest risk factor for vascular diseases. Both male and female adults have increased risk for CVD as they age. For postmenopausal women, this risk is particularly elevated due to the loss of the protective
Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) is a type of stroke that is caused by hypertension-induced intracranial arterial, venous, and capillary ruptures. In recent years, the incidence of HICH has become higher, which has exposed society greatly to heavy social and economic burdens. Therefore
Introduction:
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in the context of insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. According to recent survey reports
Scientific context:
Arteriosclerosis is a chronic pathogenic inflammatory-fibro-proliferative process of large and medium-sized arteries that results in the progressive formation of fibrous plaques which in turn, impair the blood flow in vessels. These lesions can either promote an occlusive
Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic cardiac disease characterized by thickening (hypertrophy) of the left ventricular (LV) wall, dyspnea and/or fatigue in the setting of a normal or supra-normal LV ejection fraction. The specific mechanisms underlying heart failure-related