Topiramate weight based dosing for participants 2 to less than (<) 10 years of age not to exceed 350 mg/day (milligram per day), as tolerated; not to exceed 400 mg/day in participants 10-15 years of age, as tolerated.

Levetiracetam weight based dosing for all participants 2-15 years of age, not to exceed 60 milligram per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day), as tolerated. The maximum recommended daily dosage is 3,000 milligram (mg).

Epilepsy

Topiramate weight based dosing for participants 2 to <10 years of age not to exceed 350 mg/day, as tolerated; not to exceed 400 mg/day in participants 10-15 years of age, as tolerated.

Topiramate

Levetiracetam weight based dosing for all participants 2-15 years of age, not to exceed 60 mg/kg/day, as tolerated. The maximum recommended daily dosage is 3,000 mg.

Levetiracetam

A Study to Investigate the Safety of the Drugs Topiramate and Levetiracetam in Treating Children Recently Diagnosed With Epilepsy

A Randomized, Active-Controlled, Open-Label, Flexible-Dose Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Topiramate as Monotherapy Compared With Levetiracetam as Monotherapy in Pediatric Subjects With New or Recent-Onset Epilepsy

Percentage of participants with kidney stones will be assessed.

The Z-Score indicates how many standard deviations a participant is from the population norm values. The body weight z-scores are designed to take into account the amount of weight gain that would be expected due to normal growth in children and adolescents. The body weight z-scores are by age and gender standardized values (corresponding to a normal distribution with mean 0 and a standard deviation of 1) of the actual weight measurements. Change From Baseline is calculated as value at Month 12 minus value at Baseline.

Height analyses will be conducted at Month 12, for prepubertal participants (2 to 9 years of age), participants 10 to 15 years of age, and participants 2 to 15 years of age.

Height analyses will be conducted at Month 12, for prepubertal participants (2 to 9 years of age), participants 10 to 15 years of age, and participants 2 to 15 years of age. Change From Baseline is calculated as value at Month 12 minus value at Baseline.

Standing height will be taken as a mean of 3 consecutive measurements using a wall mounted stadiometer. Z-Score will be a statistical measure to evaluate how a single data point compares to a standard. It described whether a mean will be above or below the standard and how unusual the measurement is with range from -3 to +3; 0 =same mean, greater than (>) 0 a greater mean, and less than (<) 0 a lesser mean than the standard. Growth parameters were compared to a standard defined by Centers for Disease Control's growth charts.

Standing height will be taken as a mean of 3 consecutive measurements using a wall mounted stadiometer. Z-Score will be a statistical measure to evaluate how a single data point compares to a standard. It described whether a mean will be above or below the standard and how unusual the measurement is with range from -3 to +3; 0 =same mean, >0 a greater mean, and <0 a lesser mean than the standard. Growth parameters were compared to a standard defined by Centers for Disease Control's growth charts. Change From Baseline is calculated as value at Month 12 minus value at Baseline.

The HV is the change in height since the previous year´s measurement and more precisely: HV = {(h-hp)/(d-dp)} * 365.25 [centimeter (cm)/year] where h is current height in cm, hp is previous height in cm, closest to 1 year previous, d is the current date and dp is the date of measurement of previous height, closest to 1 year previous. Additionally, d and dp have to be within 0.6 years and 1.5 years. HV is the mean height velocity over the interval between d and dp but is displayed as HV at d.

Percentage of outlier participants with height Z-score decrease of > 0.5, >1.0, and >2.0 will be reported.

The BMD is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a participant's BMD differs from the average BMD of their age, sex and ethnicity. Positive scores indicate BMD above the mean; Positive values are "best values" and negative values are "worst values".

The BMC is an estimate of the amount of mineral (such as calcium) in the bone, which will be assessed by DEXA scan.

The BMD is the amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone, which will be assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. Change From Baseline is calculated as value at Month 12 minus value at Baseline.

The BMC is an estimate of the amount of mineral (such as calcium) in the bone, which will be assessed by DEXA scan. Change From Baseline is calculated as value at Month 12 minus value at Baseline.

BMD is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a participant's BMD differs from the average BMD of their age, sex and ethnicity.

The BMC is measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a participant's BMC differs from the average BMC of their age, sex and ethnicity. Positive scores indicate BMC above the mean; Positive values are "best values" and negative values are "worst values".

The BMD is measured by DEXA. The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a participant's BMD differs from the average BMD of their age, sex and ethnicity. Positive scores indicate BMD above the mean; Positive values are "best values" and negative values are "worst values". Change From Baseline is calculated as value at Month 12 minus value at Baseline.

The BMC is measured by DEXA. The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a participant's BMC differs from the average BMC of their age, sex and ethnicity. Positive scores indicate BMC above the mean; Positive values are "best values" and negative values are "worst values". Change From Baseline is calculated as value at Month 12 minus value at Baseline.

The BMD is the amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone, which will be assessed by DEXA scan. Percent change from baseline in BMD at Month 12 will be reported.

The BMC is an estimate of the amount of mineral (such as calcium) in the bone, which will be assessed by DEXA scan. Percent change from baseline in BMD will be reported.

Percentage of outlier participants with BMD Z-score decrease of > 0.5, >1.0, and >2.0 will be reported.

Biochemical markers of bone mineralization will include alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (intact), 25-hydroxy- vitamin D, 1,25-dihyroxy vitamin D, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Change From Baseline is calculated as value at Month 12 minus value at Baseline.

Change from screening in serum laboratory tests will be summarized over time.

A hand or wrist x-ray will be obtained in the non-dominant hand or wrist to determine bone age at Baseline and at Month 12

Change from screening in urine laboratory tests will be summarized over time.

The Z-Score indicates how many standard deviations a participant is from the population norm values. The body weight z-scores are designed to take into account the amount of weight gain that would be expected due to normal growth in children and adolescents. The body weight z-scores are by age and gender standardized values (corresponding to a normal distribution with mean 0 and a standard deviation of 1) of the actual weight measurements.

Standing height will be taken as a mean of 3 consecutive measurements using a wall mounted stadiometer. Z-Score will be a statistical measure to evaluate how a single data point compares to a standard. It described whether a mean will be above or below the standard and how unusual the measurement is with range from -3 to +3; 0 =same mean, >0 a greater mean, and <0 a lesser mean than the standard. Growth parameters were compared to a standard defined by Centers for Disease Control's growth charts.

The BMD is measured by DEXA. The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a participant's BMD differs from the average BMD of their age, sex and ethnicity. Positive scores indicate BMD above the mean; Positive values are "best values" and negative values are "worst values".

The BMD is the amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone, which will be assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan.

BMD is measured by DEXA. The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a participant's BMD differs from the average BMD of their age, sex and ethnicity.

The BMC is measured by DEXA. The Z-Score is the number of standard deviations a participant's BMC differs from the average BMC of their age, sex and ethnicity. Positive scores indicate BMC above the mean; Positive values are "best values" and negative values are "worst values".

The BMD is the amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone, which will be assessed by DEXA scan. Percent change from baseline in BMD at Month 6 will be reported.

Biochemical markers of bone mineralization will include alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (intact), 25-hydroxy- vitamin D, 1,25-dihyroxy vitamin D, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

Seizure counts will be summarized over time.

Cognitive Assessment will be assessed by the computerized Cogstate Battery test. Number and percentage of subjects with a meaningful decline in cognition (defined as a standardized change of less than -1.65) will be summarized.

The CBCL will include: 1). Preschool version - participants 1.5 to 5 years of age 2). School-age version - participants 6 to 18 years of age. It will measure child internalizing and externalizing behaviors and total problems. Respondents are asked to rate as 0 for "not true of the child," 1 for "somewhat or sometimes true of the child," and 2 for "very true or often true of the child".

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, version 2 focuses on behaviors needed to operate in an age-appropriate manner in the individual's environment. It is age-specific and provides an assessment of function in the domains of communication, daily living, socialization, and motor skills, as well as a composite scale.

Suicidalility Behavior will be assessed by Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), which is a low-burden measure of the spectrum of suicidal ideation and will be administered at every visit, to assess suicidal ideation, intent, and behavior.

Janssen Research & Development, LLC

Modified Atkins diet arm-In this arm, the children will start the modified Atkins diet after a 4-week baseline period, during which daily seizure log will be maintained. Anti-epileptic medications will remain unchanged during the 3 month trial period, unless the change in AED regimen is medically indicated; e.g. drug side effects or status epilepticus; in which case standard therapy will be provided.

No Intervention arm- After the 4-week baseline period, this group will receive their normal diet with no dietetic input, and remain on the same on-going antiepileptic medication for the 3 months. Anti-epileptic medications will remain unchanged during the 3 month trial period, unless the change in AED regimen is medically indicated; e.g. drug side effects or status epilepticus; in which case standard therapy will be provided.
At the end of three months, patients in this arm will be offered the option of the modified Atkins diet treatment.
This group will not receive any dietetic input

Refractory Childhood Epilepsy

Modified Atkins Diet administration
Carbohydrates intake will be restricted to 10 grams/ day. (Carbohydrate values of various food items will be explained in detail, and exchange lists provided. Four 2.5 grams carbohydrate exchange items will be allowed in a day.)
Fats (e.g. cream, butter, oils, ghee) encouraged.
Proteins (cheese, fish, eggs, chicken, soya products) unrestricted.
Clear carbohydrate-fluids not restricted.
Calcium and multivitamin supplementation will be provided.

Modified Atkins diet

All India Institute of Medical sciences

Modified Atkins Diet in Childhood Epilepsy

Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of The Modified Atkins Diet In Children With Refractory Epilepsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Suvasini Sharma

Senior Research Associate

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India

Subjects are randomized to have the second bone biopsy done 1,2, or 4 years after the start of PTH.

Cohort 1 was treated with HPTH therapy on original protocol. Cohort 1 participants who consented to the new protocol and were treated with HPTH on the new protocol were followed for safety outcomes only. The Safety population of Cohort 1 consisted of 7 participants.

Cohort 1 (HPTH on Old Study) and Received HPTH on New Study

Cohort 2 consists of participants previously treated with conventional care (CC) throughout the original protocol. Cohort 2 participants who received at least one dose of HPTH on the new protocol were included in safety population. Cohort 2 safety population includes 5 participants.

Cohort 2 (CC on Old Study) and Treated With HPTH on New Study

Cohort 3 consists of new participants (i.e. not previously enrolled) that consented to the revised protocol. The Cohort 3 safety population includes 19 subjects who received any HPTH on the new study.

Cohort 3 (Newly Enrolled) and Treated With HPTH on New Study

Total

Age, Customized

Sex: Female, Male

Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)

Race (NIH/OMB)

Weight

Height

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, so the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Cn.BV/TV is one of 8 primary endpoints measured from the bone biopsy. The changes in Cn.BV/TV outcome between two time-points are being reported. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes.

Cohort 2 consists of participants previously treated with conventional care (CC) throughout the original protocol. Cohort 3 consisted of all new participants. Efficacy outcomes were only analyzed for Cohorts 2 and 3. (Cohort 1 consisted of previously enrolled participants who were on HPTH therapy on the original protocol and continued on HPTH on the new study as a separate group. These participants were not randomized to a bone biopsy year, nor did they have additional biopsies performed. Cohort 1 participants were followed for safety outcomes only. )

Cohorts 2 (CC on Old Study) and 3 (Newly Enrolled) Combined

Change in Bone Biopsy Cancellous Bone Volume (Cn.BV/TV)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, so the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ct.Po.N is a bone biopsy measure that assess the amount of holes in the cortical bone within a predetermined area of cortical bone. The changes in Cn.BV/TV outcome between two time-points are being reported. Cortical bone with a higher number of holes may be at greater risk of fracture. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Cohort 2 consists of participants previously treated with conventional care (CC) throughout the original protocol. Cohort 3 consisted of all new participants. Efficacy outcomes were only analyzed for Cohorts 2 and 3. (Cohort 1 consisted of previously enrolled participants who were on HPTH therapy on the original protocol and continued on HPTH on the new study as a separate group. These participants were not randomized to a bone biopsy year, nor did they have additional biopsies performed. Cohort 1 participants were followed for safety outcomes only.)

Change in Total Number of Cortical Pores Per mm^2 (Ct.Po.N)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Cn.BFR/BS, measured from the bone biopsy, is the cancellous bone formation rate per unit of bone surface where cancellous refers to the spongy structure of the bone. The changes in Cn.BFR/BS between two time-points are being reported. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes.

Change in Cancellous Bone Formation Rate Per Unit of Bone Surface (Cn.BFR/BS)

Following their baseline bone biopsy, 5, 5, and 2 participants were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at years 1, 2, and 4 after the start of HPTH therapy, respectively. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced in size due to withdrawal and the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Cn.MS/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure demonstrates the percentage of the cancellous bone surface that is actively forming bone. The region of interest is the predefined area of total bone that is being measured. The changes in Cn.MS/BS between two time-points are being reported.

Cohort 1 consisted of previously enrolled participants who were on HPTH therapy, were re-consented, and allowed to continue on the current study as a separate group. These participants were not randomized to a bone biopsy year, nor did they have additional biopsies performed. Cohort 1 participants were followed for safety outcomes only. Cohort 2 were previously enrolled participants on conventional care, were re-consented, re-enrolled, and randomized to a biopsy year. Cohort 3 consisted of all new participants consent, enrolled and randomized to a biopsy year. Efficacy outcomes were only analyzed for Cohorts 2 and 3 combined.

Cohorts 2 and 3 Combined

Change in Cancellous Mineralizing Surface (Bone Surface Based)(Cn.MS/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. However, because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ec.BFR/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the rate of new bone formation per day on the inner cortical (endocortical) surface in a predefined region of cortical bone. The changes in Ec.BFR/BS between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. The randomization to a biopsy year provided the opportunity to compare the effects of PTH across-time, in a cross-sectional manner. However, because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group.

Change in Endocortical Bone Formation Rate Per Unit of Bone Surface (Ec.BFR/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ec.MS/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure demonstrates the percentage of the endocortical bone surface that is actively forming bone. The region of interest is the predefined area of total bone that is being measured. The changes in Ec.MS/BS between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Endocortical Mineralizing Surface (Bone Surface Based) (Ec.MS/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. However, because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ic.BFR/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the rate of new bone formation between the two cortical surfaces (intracortical) in a predefined region of cortical bone. The changes in Ic.BFR/BS between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Intracortical Bone Formation Rate Per Unit of Bone Surface (Ic.BFR/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ic.MS/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure demonstrates the percentage of the intracortical bone surface that is actively forming bone. The region of interest is the predefined area of total bone that is being measured. The changes in Ic.MS/BS between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Intracortical Mineralizing Surface (Bone Surface Based) (Ic.MS/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Tb.Th is measured from the bone biopsy. Tb.Th is the mean thickness of trabeculae, assessed using direct 3D methods. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes. The changes in Tb.Th between two time-points are being reported.

Change in Trabecular Thickness (Tb.Th)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Tb.N is measured from the bone biopsy. Tb.N is the measure of the average number of trabeculae per unit length. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes. The changes in Tb.N between two time-points are being reported.

Change in Trabecular Number (Tb.N)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Tb.Sp is measured from the bone biopsy. Tb.Sp is the mean distance between trabeculae, assessed using direct 3D methods. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes. The changes in Tb.Sp between two time-points are being reported.

Change in Trabecular Separation (Tb.Sp)

Participants (Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ct.Th, measured from the bone biopsy, is the average thickness of the inner and outer cortices. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes. The changes in Ct.Th between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Average Thickness of Inner and Outer Cortices (Ct.Th)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ct.AR is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure defines the area of the outer cortex and inner cortex within a predefined section of cortical bone. The changes in Ct.Ar between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Total Area of Inner and Outer Cortices (Ct.Ar)

Following their baseline bone biopsy, 5, 5, and 2 participants were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at years 1, 2, and 4 after the start of HPTH therapy, respectively. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced in size due to withdrawal and the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ct.Po.Ar is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure defines the area of the cortical bone with holes within a predefined section of cortical bone. The changes in Tb.Sp between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Total Area of Cortical Porosity (Ct.Po.Ar)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Cn.O.Th measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the thickness of the unmineralized bone (osteoid) in a predefined region of cancellous bone. The changes in Cn.O.Th between two time-points are being reported.

Change in Cancellous Osteoid Thickness (Cn.O.Th)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Cn.MAR is measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the rate mineral is being laid down per day in a predefined region of the cancellous bone. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes. The changes in Cn.MAR between two time-points are being reported.

Change in Cancellous Bone Mineral Apposition Rate (Cn.MAR)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Cn.OS/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure demonstrates the percentage of the cancellous bone surface that contains unmineralized bone (osteoid). The region of interest is the predefined area of total bone that is being measured. The changes in Cn.OS/BS between two time-points are being reported.

Change in Cancellous Osteoid Surface / Bone Surface (Cn.OS/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Cn.ES/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure demonstrates the percentage of the cancellous bone surface that contains unmineralized bone (osteoid). The region of interest is the predefined area of total bone that is being measured. The changes in Cn.ES/BS between two time-points are being reported.

Change in Cancellous Eroded Surface / Bone Surface (Cn.ES/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Cn.AjAR is measured from the bone biopsy. Cn.AjAR represents the Cn.MAR averaged over the entire osteoid surface.The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes. The changes in Cn.AjAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Cancellous Adjusted Apposition Rate (Cn.AjAR)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ec.O.Th is measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the thickness of the unmineralized bone (osteoid) on the inner side of the cortex(endocortical). The changes in Cn.AjAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Endocortical Osteoid Thickness (Ec.O.Th)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose.Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ec.MAR is measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the rate mineral is being laid down per day on the inner cortical (endocortical) surface in a predefined region of cortical bone. The changes in Ec.MAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Endocortical Bone Mineral Apposition Rate (Ec.MAR)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ec.OS/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the rate mineral is being laid down per day on the inner cortical (endocortical) surface in a predefined region of cortical bone. The changes in Ec.OS/BS between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Endocortical Osteoid Surface / Bone Surface (Ec.OS/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4- year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ec.ES/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure demonstrates the percentage of the endocortical bone surface that is resorbed (eroded). The region of interest is the predefined area of total bone that is being measured. The changes in Ec.ES/BS between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Endocortical Eroded Surface / Bone Surface (Ec.ES/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ec.AjAR is measured from the bone biopsy. Ec.AjAR represents the endocortical mineral apposition rate (Ec.MAR) averaged over the entire osteoid surface. This is another histomorphometric way to evaluate the rate at which bone is laid down on the inner cortical surface per day. The changes in Ec.AjAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Endocortical Adjusted Apposition Rate (Ec.AjAR)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ic.O.Th is one of 21 secondary endpoints measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the thickness of the unmineralized bone (osteoid) within the middle of the cortex (intracortical). The changes in Ic.O.Th between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Intracortical Osteoid Thickness (Ic.O.Th)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ic.MAR is measured from the bone biopsy. This measures the rate mineral is being laid down per day within the middle of the cortex (intracortical) surface in a predefined region of cortical bone. The changes in Ic.MAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Intracortical Bone Mineral Apposition Rate (Ic.MAR)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ic.OS/BS measured from the bone biopsy. This measure demonstrates the percentage of the intracortical bone surface that is not mineralized (osteoid). The region of interest is the predefined area of total bone that is being measured. The changes in OS/BS between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Intracortical Osteoid Surface / Bone Surface (Ic.OS/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ic.ES/BS is measured from the bone biopsy. This measure demonstrates the percentage of bone surface within the middle of the cortex that is resorbed (eroded). The region of interest is the predefined area of total bone that is being measured. The changes in Ic.ES/BS between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Intracortical Eroded Surface / Bone Surface (Ic.ES/BS)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. Ic.AjAR is one of 21 secondary endpoints measured from the bone biopsy. Ic.AjAR represents the intracortical mineral apposition rate (Ic.MAR) averaged over the the entire osteoid surface. This is another histomorphometric way to evaluate the rate at which bone is laid down within the middle of the cortex per day. The changes in Ic.AjAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline values)

Change in Intracortical Adjusted Apposition Rate (Ic.AjAR)

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. The Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium Mean is a measure of mean bone calcium content of the bone cortex 1 based on the mineralization density distribution (BMDD) from the back-scattered electron imaging scan of the bone biopsies. The changes in Ic.MAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium Mean From the Back-Scattered Electron Imaging of Bone-Biopsies

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. The Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium Peak is a measure of the most frequent calcium content of the bone cortex 1 based on the bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) from the back-scattered electron imaging scan of the bone biopsies. The changes in Ic.MAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium Peak From the Back-Scattered Electron Imaging of Bone-Biopsies

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. The Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium Low is a measure of the area of low bone cortex 1 mineralization based on the mineralization density distribution (BMDD) from the back-scattered electron imaging scan of the bone biopsies. The changes in Ic.MAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium Width From the Back-Scattered Electron Imaging of Bone-Biopsies

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. The Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium Low is a measure of the area of low bone cortex 1 mineralization based on the mineralization density distribution (BMDD) from the back-scattered electron imaging scan of the bone biopsies. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium Low From the Back-Scattered Electron Imaging of Bone-Biopsies

Participants (in Cohorts 2 and 3) were randomized to receive their second bone biopsy at year 1, 2, or 4 after the start of HPTH therapy. For Cohort 2, the baseline bone biopsy was completed at the start of CC on the original protocol. For Cohort 3, the baseline biopsy was completed immediately prior to the first HPTH dose. Because the sample sizes for the 1-, 2- and 4-year biopsies are reduced due to the early termination of the study, the 2-, and 4-year biopsies were collapsed into one biopsy year group. The Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium High is a measure of the area of high bone cortex 1 mineralization based on the mineralization density distribution (BMDD) from the back-scattered electron imaging scan of the bone biopsies. The changes in Ic.MAR between two time-points are being reported. The n's in the outcome measure table refer to the number of complete records (non-missing baseline and post-baseline measures).

Change in Cortex 1 Spectral Calcium High From the Back-Scattered Electron Imaging of Bone-Biopsies

The DXA BMD measures were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit The 1/3 Radius BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA.

Raw 1/3 Radius Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA.

The DXA BMD were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit. The AP Spine BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA.

Raw AP Spine Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA

The DXA BMD measures were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit. The Femoral BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA.

Raw Femoral Neck Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA

The DXA BMD were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit. The Lateral Spine BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA .

Raw Lateral Spine Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA

The DXA BMD measures were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit. The Total Hip BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA.

Raw Total Hip Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA

The DXA BMD measures were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit. The Whole Body BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA.

Raw Whole Body Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA

Perceived interference is measured using seven separate items that assess the degree to which fatigue in the past week was judged to interfere with general level of activity, ability to bathe and dress, normal work activity, ability to concentrate, relations with others, enjoyment of life, and mood. The interference ratings were summed to yield a total interference score ranging from 0 (no perceived interference due to fatigue) to 70 (maximum possible perceived interference due to fatigue).

Perceived Interference (PI) of the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI)

Severity is measured using four separate items of the FSI questionnaire that assesses how the participant felt on their most, least, and average fatigue days in the past week as well as current fatigue. Participants score their level of fatigue for each item on an 11-point scale (0=not at all fatigued, 10=as fatigued as I could be). An average is taken of sum of these 4 scores. The average severity score can range from 0 to 10. A higher average severity score indicates that the participant is experiencing more severe fatigue.

Average Severity Score of the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI)

Severity is measured using four separate items of the FSI questionnaire that assesses how the participant felt on their most, least, and average fatigue days in the past week as well as current fatigue. Participants score their level of fatigue for each item on an 11-point scale (0=not at all fatigued, 10=as fatigued as I could be). The composite severity score reflects the sum of these 4 scores. The composite severity scores can range from 0 to 40. A higher composite severity scores indicates that the participant is experiencing more severe fatigue.

Composite Severity Score of the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI)

The total distance a participant was able to walk during a 6-minute walk

Total Distance Walked During a 6-minute Walk

The Bodily Pain (BP) domain scores are derived from the SF36 Health Survey taken by the participant. The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire assessing 4 physical domains: physical function, physical role limitations, bodily pain, and general health, and 4 mental domains: vitality, emotional role limitations, social function and mental health. From the 36 questions asked, a scoring tool derives SF36 domain scores for each of the eight domains. These domain scores are scaled to range from 0 to 100 with a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Lower scores indicate more disability; and, higher scores indicate less disability. The BP domain scores indicate to what extent a participant's bodily pain hinders their performance of daily activities.

SF36 Bodily Pain Domain

Emotional Role Limitations (RE) Domain scores are derived from the SF36 Health Survey taken by the participant. The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire assessing 4 physical domains: physical function, physical role limitations, bodily pain, and general health, and 4 mental domains: vitality, emotional role limitations, social function and mental health. From the 36 questions asked, a scoring tool derives SF36 domain scores for each of the eight domains. These domain scores are scaled to range from 0 to 100 with a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Lower scores indicate more disability; and, higher scores indicate less disability. The RE Domain score assesses the extent to which the emotional condition of the participant, e.g. feeling depressed or anxious, limits his/her daily functioning and ability to perform roles, such as in cutting down on the amount of time spent on work or other activities and accomplishing less than he/she would like to.

SF36 Emotional Role Limitations Domain

General Health (GH) Domain scores are derived from the SF36 Health Survey taken by the participant. The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire assessing 4 physical domains: physical function, physical role limitations, bodily pain, and general health, and 4 mental domains: vitality, emotional role limitations, social function and mental health. From the 36 questions asked, a scoring tool derives SF36 domain scores for each of the eight domains. These domain scores are scaled to range from 0 to 100 with a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Lower scores indicate more disability; and, higher scores indicate less disability. The GH domain score assesses a participant's perception of their general health in terms of concepts such as excellent, very good, good, fair or poor, getting ill easier than other people, and just as healthy as anyone he/she knows.

SF36 General Health Domain

Mental Health (MH) Domain scores are derived from the SF36 Health Survey taken by the participant. The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire assessing 4 physical domains: physical function, physical role limitations, bodily pain, and general health, and 4 mental domains: vitality, emotional role limitations, social function and mental health. From the 36 questions asked, a scoring tool derives SF36 domain scores for each of the eight domains. These domain scores are scaled to range from 0 to 100 with a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Lower scores indicate more disability; and, higher scores indicate less disability. The MH domain assesses the extent to which the participant is, among other things, feeling full of pep, is happy, is feeling calm and peaceful, is very nervous, or is feeling worn out and tired.

SF36 Mental Health Domain

Physical Function (PF) Domain scores are derived from the SF36 Health Survey taken by the participant. The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire assessing 4 physical domains: physical function, physical role limitations, bodily pain, and general health, and 4 mental domains: vitality, emotional role limitations, social function and mental health. From the 36 questions asked, a scoring tool derives SF36 domain scores for each of the eight domains. These domain scores are scaled to range from 0 to 100 with a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Lower scores indicate more disability; and, higher scores indicate less disability. The PF domain assesses the extent to which the participant's perceptions of his/her ability to perform vigorous and moderate physical activities are influenced by his/her physical condition.

SF36 Physical Function Domain

Physical Role Limitations (RP) Domain scores are derived from the SF36 Health Survey taken by the participant. The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire assessing 4 physical domains: physical function, physical role limitations, bodily pain, and general health, and 4 mental domains: vitality, emotional role limitations, social function and mental health. From the 36 questions asked, a scoring tool derives SF36 domain scores for each of the eight domains. These domain scores are scaled to range from 0 to 100 with a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Lower scores indicate more disability; and, higher scores indicate less disability. The RP Domain assesses the extent to which a participant's' performance of his/her roles in daily activities is impeded by his/her physical state of health.

SF36 Physical Role Limitations Domain

Social Function (SF) Domain scores are derived from the SF36 Health Survey taken by the participant. The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire assessing 4 physical components: physical function, physical role limitations, bodily pain, and general health, and 4 mental components: vitality, emotional role limitations, social function and mental health. From the 36 questions asked, a scoring tool is used to calculate each of the eight domain scores. The scoring tool transforms the score into a 0-100 scale on the assumption that each question carries equal weight. SF36 domain scores are scaled to have a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. The SF Domain assesses the level of a participant's social activities and interaction with significant others such as family members, friends, neighbours and other social relations. Lower scores indicate more disability; higher scores indicate less disability with respect to social function.

SF36 Social Function Domain

Vitality (VT) Domain scores are derived from the SF36 Health Survey taken by the participant. SF36 domain scores are scaled to have a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Higher scores reflect a better quality of life.The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire assessing 4 physical components: physical function, physical role limitations, bodily pain, and general health, and 4 mental components: vitality, emotional role limitations, social function and mental health. From the 36 questions asked, a scoring tool is used to calculate the eight domain scores. The scoring tool transforms the score into a 0-100 scale on the assumption that each question carries equal weight. SF36 domain scores are scaled to have a population mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Lower scores indicate more disability; and, higher scores indicate less disability. The VT Domain assesses the participant's experience of feeling energetic and full of pep, or worn out and tired.

SF36 Vitality Domain

Serum Alkaline Phosphatase

Serum Calcium

Serum Osteocalcin

Serum Phosphorus

Urine was collected over 24 hours and the total NTX Telopeptide measured

24 Hour Urine NTX Telopeptide

Participants had ultrasound and CT imaging of the kidney were performed yearly. The rates of new, stable, and progressing nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis (NCNL) were recorded.

Number of Participants With Nephrolithiasis/Nephrocalcinosis

The 8 primary bone biopsy measures were to be adjusted HPTH dose by fitting the primary bone biopsy model with both linear and quadratic dose covariates added to the model. However, the study was terminated early resulting in only 5, 5, and 2 participants having their biopsies at 1, 2, and 4 years respectively. To add additional linear and quadratic dose covariates to the statistical model with an already small sample sizes would highly risk over-parameterizing the model. Thus no new analysis was performed.

Primary Bone Biopsy Measures Adjusted for HPTH Dose

As a sensitivity analysis, the 8 primary bone biopsy measures were to be adjusted for female menopausal status, by fitting the primary bone biopsy model with a menopausal status covariate added to the model. However, the study was terminated early resulting in only 5, 5, and 2 participants having their biopsies at 1, 2, and 4 years respectively. Furthermore, 3 males would need to be removed from the model leaving 4, 3, 2 participants with bone biopsies with an additional degree of freedom consumed for the menopausal status covariate. Thus, the planned mixed models analysis was not performed since with such small samples sizes random fluctuations in the data could give misleading erroneous results.

Sensitivity Analyses of Female Menopause Status in the Primary Bone Biopsy Efficacy Models

The DXA BMD measures were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit The 1/3 Radius BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes.

Z-score of 1/3 Radius Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA.

The DXA BMD were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit. The AP Spine BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes.

Z-score of AP Spine Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA

The DXA BMD measures were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit. The Femoral BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA. The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes.

Z-score of Femoral Neck Bone Mineralization Density (BMD) Assessed by DXA

The DXA BMD were assessed every 6 months over 5 years, and at a follow-up visit post-HPTH therapy. Due to varying lengths of time on each participant was on HPTH, these BMD assessment times were collapsed for purposes of analysis to: baseline, 6-month on HPTH therapy, last visit on HPTH therapy, and the post-HPTH follow-up visit. The Lateral Spine BMD is one of 6 bone regions measurements of bone mineralization density assessed by DXA . The unit of measure is a z-score. Z-scores are normed to standard populations to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1. The normal range for a z-score is from -2 to 2. Values above or below this normal range are considered worse outcomes.

kidney calculi/epileptisk anfald

A Study to Investigate the Safety of the Drugs Topiramate and Levetiracetam in Treating Children Recently Diagnosed With Epilepsy

Modified Atkins Diet in Childhood Epilepsy

Effects of PTH Replacement on Bone in Hypoparathyroidism

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