The active control group is stimulated with: Output current 0.25 milliampere, Pulse width 0.1 milliseconds, Frequency 1 Hz, Duty cycle: 14 sec on 60 min off (duty cycle <0.5%)

The high stimulation group is stimulated with output current 0.25 milliampere, Pulse width 0.5 milliseconds, Frequency 30 Hz, Duty cycle: 30 sec on 5 min off in the treatment group the current was stepwise increased with two week intervals to the maximally tolerated output current (maximum 1.75 mA).

Refractory Epilepsy in Children

The study group is stimulated with the following parameters: Output current 0.25 milliampere (to be ramped up to max. 1.75 milliampere), Pulse width 0.5 milliseconds, Frequency 30 Hz, Duty cycle: 30 sec on 5 min off (duty cycle 10%).

Vagus Nerve Stimulator: Neurocybernetic prothesis NCP, Cyberonics Inc., Webster, TX, USA

Maastricht University Medical Center

Epilepsiecentrum Kempenhaeghe

Does VNS Interact With the Serotonergic and Immune System in Children With Intractable Epilepsy?

Does VNS Interact With the Serotonergic and Immune System in Children With Intractable Epilepsy? A Randomized Clinical Study.

Seizure frequency is measured by using seizure diaries

Dr HJM Majoie

Resident of Hattie Larlham long-term care facility receiving VPA

Control AED patients will be recruited based on similar AED regimens excluding VPA, length of time on AED (number of months to >1 year), age, and gender; one control patient per VPA patient.

Control non-AED patients will be recruited based on age and gender; one control patient per VPA patient.

Serum and urine samples from patients receiving VPA.

Hypoalbuminemia

A blood sample and a spot urine sample will be obtained from all eligible patients receiving VPA at the start of the study.

Specimen collection

Hattie Larlham Center for Children with Disabilities

Valproic Acid-associated Hypoalbuminemia in Medically Fragile Patients

Valproic Acid-associated Hypoalbuminemia in Medically Fragile Pediatric and Young Adult Patients in a Long Term Care Facility Part 1: Potential Mechanism for Decreased Albumin Synthesis

tryptophan/epileptisk anfald

Does VNS Interact With the Serotonergic and Immune System in Children With Intractable Epilepsy?

Valproic Acid-associated Hypoalbuminemia in Medically Fragile Patients

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