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Lipid X, a monosaccharide biosynthetic precursor of lipid A, has been chemically synthesized and was shown to induce bone marrow-derived macrophages to release tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro. However, relatively high amounts of lipid X were necessary for induction, and the levels of TNF were
Lipid A is the active principle of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Synthetic lipid A analogues with monosaccharide backbones, GLA-60, GLA-69 and GLA-58, which exhibit potent, weak and scarce agonistic activities of LPS, respectively, induced tolerance against LPS lethality in
A monosaccharide precursor of Escherichia coli lipid A, designated lipid X, which is a diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate with beta-hydroxymyristoyl groups at positions 2 and 3, was shown to have the ability to induce the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like tumor-cytotoxic factor by a murine
We present data that hyaluronan (HA) polysaccharides, about 14-86 monosaccharides in length, are capable of accepting only a single heavy chain (HC) from inter-α-inhibitor via transfer by tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) and that this transfer is irreversible. We propose that either
Synthetic monosaccharide lipid A analogs with alkyl-branched acyl substituents instead of the usual ester-branched acyl substituents were investigated for their biological activities. The activities were compared with those of a representative synthetic monosaccharide lipid A analog with an ester
Activated keratinocytes play a key role in the cutaneous immune system by their interactions with other cell types through the production of cytokines with both autocrine and paracrine activity. But there is little knowledge about epidermal cytokines in the dog. In this study, cultured canine
No conclusive treatment is available for irritable bowel disease (IBD). Adherence to a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) might alleviate clinical symptoms of IBD. However, no study has investigated the effect of low FODMAPs The term "megalo-saccharide" is used for saccharides with ten or more saccharide units, whereas the term "oligo-saccharide" is used for saccharides containing fewer than ten monosaccharide units. Megalo-type α-1,6-glucosaccharide (M-IM) is a non-digestible saccharide and not utilized by intestinal
We have investigated the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by human mononuclear cells (MNC) and isolated human monocytes/macrophages stimulated with S- and R-form lipopolysaccharide (LPS), natural lipid A, and natural and synthetic partial structures thereof. We found that LPS of
Earlier studies have reported a role for lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) in sliding motility, biofilm formation, and infection of host macrophages in Mycobacterium marinum. Although a LOS biosynthetic gene cluster has recently been identified in this species, many structural features of the different
The formation of the hyaluronan-rich cumulus extracellular matrix is crucial for female fertility and accompanied by a transesterification reaction in which the heavy chains (HCs) of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IalphaI)-related proteins are covalently transferred to hyaluronan. Tumor necrosis
OBJECTIVES
The present study aims to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of seagrass
Halophila ovalis sulfated polysaccharide on HT-29 cell line.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Monosaccharides composition was identified using liquid
The isolated lipid A of Bordetella pertussis endotoxin (LipA) has been found to induce in vitro release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by murine macrophages, albeit much less efficiently than does the intact lipopolysaccharide. Synthetic analogs (monosaccharides M4 and M6) of both glucosamine units
Lipid A is the active center of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which exhibits diverse biological activities via the production of various mediators. We investigated the production of nitric oxide (NO), one of the mediators, by a murine macrophage cell line, RAW264. 7, upon stimulation with a
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are metabolites of probiotics that have gained wide interest recently. A strain of Lactobacillus reuteri Mh-001 with high exopolysaccharide (EPS) production ability was isolated, identified, and were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the EPSs. Among the