low-caloric diet personalized on single children's requirements plus nuts (15g hazelnuts+15g nuts without shell) for 3 months.

Child Obesity

15g of nuts and 15g of hazelnuts in association with low caloric diet

wNUTS, low-caloric diet plus nuts

w/oNUTS, low-caloric diet without nuts

Efficacy of Nuts in Obese Children.

Efficacy of Walnuts and Hazelnuts on the Modification of the Lipid Content of Erythrocyte Membranes in Obese Children. A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Primary outcome is to compare percentage of fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes (in particular alpha-linolenic acid, ALA) with the content of other membrane-bound fatty acids. It will be compared in the two groups the ALA delta (delta%) between measurement at baseline compared to post-treatment (ie, after 3 months of treatment).

to compare percentage of fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes (in particular linoleic acid, LA) with the content of other membrane-bound fatty acids. It will be compared in the two groups the ALA delta (delta%) between measurement at baseline compared to post-treatment (ie, after 3 months of treatment).

To compare ambulatory blood pressure (mmHg) measured by validated devices (A&D TM-2430; in the week preceding the beginning of the assumption of diet plus or minus nuts/hazelnuts) and after 3 months from randomization in the two arms.

To compare mean arterial pressure obtained during the medical examination (mmHg) by oscillometric validated device in children (Omron 705 IT; average of three measurements) prior to randomization and after 3 months of diet intake plus or minus nuts/hazelnuts.

To compare waist circumference change in the 2 arms prior to randomization and after 3 months of diet intake plus or minus nuts/hazelnuts.

To compare weight change in the 2 arms prior to randomization and after 3 months of diet intake plus or minus nuts/hazelnuts.

To compare AIx change as measured by pulse wave analysis (PWA) by SphygmoCor XCEL and in the 2 arms prior to randomization and after 3 months of diet intake plus or minus nuts/hazelnuts.

To compare carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) change measured by tonometer (SphygmoCor XCEL) in the 2 arms prior to randomization and after 3 months of diet intake plus or minus nuts/hazelnuts.

To compare cDC change measured by ultrasound in the 2 arms prior to randomization and after 3 months of diet intake plus or minus nuts/hazelnuts.

To compare plasma epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, metabolites of arachidonic acid vis CYP450

To compare plasma dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, metabolites of EETs via sEH

To compare urine dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, metabolites of EETs via sEH

To compare plasma 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, metabolites of arachidonic acid via CYP450

To compare urine 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, metabolites of arachidonic acid via CYP450

To compare plasma epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids, metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid via CYP450

To compare plasma epoxydocosapentaenoic acids, metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid via CYP450

To compare profile of the faecal microbiota by metagenomic of the gene sequences coding for the 16S rRNA prior to randomization and after 3 months of diet intake plus or minus nuts/hazelnuts.

Cristiano Fava

Professor

Universita di Verona

Randomized design. Two arms in parallel with blinded operator.

Participants will eat fatty fish and avoiding nuts)

Participants who will avoid both fatty fish and nuts

Obesity

Metabolic Syndrome

Diabetes

At inclusion demographic information recorded, including length of breastfeeding for women. Thereafter, participants will start with a run-in period of two weeks where they will be asked not to consume salmon, mackerel, sardines or other fatty fish or nuts providing a dietary baseline. At baseline, subjects will be randomized to a fish, nuts or control group. The fish group will be asked to consume three to four portions weekly. The fish will be eaten at the main meal and in sandwiches for a total of 600 grams weekly for 6 months. This group will avoid eating nuts. The nut group will consume equal amount of energy (~1400 kcal ) for weekly use for 6 months. This group will avoid eating fatty fish. The control group will consume their usual diet, but asked to avoid fatty fish and nuts.

The fatty fish group

At baseline (conditions for baseline are the same in all three groups) the nut group will consume equal amount of energy (~1400 kcal ~100 grams walnuts, ~50 grams hazelnuts and ~50 grams almonds/week).The nuts will be provided free of charge for the six months. This group will avoid eating fatty fish.

The nut group

After the baseline the control group will consume their usual diet, asked to avoid fatty fish and nuts.

The control group

Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål

Fish or Nuts? Dietary Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Persistent Organic Pollutants

Measuring of persistent organic pollutants' levels before and after intervention.
Blood tests will be obtained at randomization, and six months of follow-up for analysis analysis of environmental pollutants including 21 POPs in g/mol .Six-month follow-up samples will be stored for future analyses.

waist circumference in cm as cardiometabolic risk factor

Secondary endpoints will include C-reactive protein

The HOMA index (The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a method used to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function) in % will be calculated

pistacia/triglyceride

Efficacy of Nuts in Obese Children.

Fish or Nuts? Dietary Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Persistent Organic Pollutants

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