EEG synchronisation during sleep-related epileptic seizures as a new tool to discriminate confusional arousals from paroxysmal arousals: preliminary findings.

Confusional arousals, paroxysmal arousals (as part of the nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy) and normal arousals and awakenings from NREM sleep are frequently a challenge for differential diagnosis. In this article we describe the course of synchronisation between different EEG channels during nocturnal seizures in 3 patients with sleep-related epileptic seizures and in 1 patient with sleep terrors. The functional interactions between the different EEG channels during the nocturnal seizures were analysed by means of the so-called synchronisation likelihood (SL). SL is a measure of the dynamical (linear and nonlinear) interdependencies between a time series (EEG channel) and one or more other time series. The main results of our study are the confirmation of a significant increase in EEG synchronisation during sleep-related seizures and the indication that clinically similar ictal motor patterns might be generated by different neurophysiological mechanisms, characterised by different patterns of synchronisation involving multiple or single frequency bands. This new approach might be useful to differentiate motor seizures, emerging from NREM sleep, from parasomnias (arousal disorders) when both ictal and interictal EEGs are uninformative.