[Frequency of neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms in patients with viral encephalitis].

BACKGROUND

Acute viral encephalitis (AVE) is a frequent condition that usually courses with psychiatric alterations but few systematic studies have been conducted to investigate it.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the frequency and the progression of the neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with AVE.

METHODS

A retrospective study was carried out. AVE was defined as an acute and progressively coursing condition in previously healthy subjects, with clinical signs of diffuse alteration of the central nervous system, abnormal electroencephalogram and/or inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We excluded patients who previously had epilepsy, a positive serodiagnosis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and cases compatible with herpes simplex encephalitis from electroencephalographic or imaging data with focalisation towards temporal, frontal, regions or a positive DNA test for herpes in CSF. Finally, 83 patients were included. The psychiatric signs and symptoms that were produced were recorded during the acute phase and one year after discharge from hospital (sequelae).

RESULTS

The psychiatric disorders in the acute phase were psychomotor agitation (67%), drowsiness (55%), disorientation (47%), visual hallucinations (43%) and aggressiveness (34%). One year after hospitalisation, in a sample of 70 patients in a clinical control, we found memory disorders (16%), aggressiveness (9%), aphasia (8%), visual hallucinations (8%), and auditory hallucinations (7%). The mortality rate was 6%.

CONCLUSIONS

Neuropsychiatric disorders are very frequent during the acute phase of viral encephalitis, which is relevant for the differential diagnosis in patients who visit emergency departments with behavioural disorders. One year after hospital discharge, the main sequelae are of a neuropsychiatric nature and cognitive impairment is predominant.