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APETx1 from sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima is a gating modifier peptide toxin of the human ether-a-go-go- related potassium channel.
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We studied the mechanism of action and the binding site of APETx1, a peptide toxin purified from sea anemone, on the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel. Similar to the effects of gating modifier toxins (hanatoxin and SGTx) on the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) 2.1 channel, APETx1 shifts
Screening and cDNA cloning of Kv1 potassium channel toxins in sea anemones.
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When 21 species of sea anemones were screened for Kv1 potassium channel toxins by competitive inhibition of the binding of (125)I-α-dendrotoxin to rat synaptosomal membranes, 11 species (two species of Actiniidae, one species of Hormathiidae, five species of Stichodactylidae and three species of
Chemical synthesis and characterization of ShK toxin: a potent potassium channel inhibitor from a sea anemone.
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ShK-toxin, a 35 residue peptide isolated from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, was synthesized using an Fmoc strategy and successfully folded to the biologically active form containing three intramolecular disulfide bonds. The ability of synthetic ShK toxin to inhibit specific
A potassium channel toxin from the secretion of the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera. Isolation, amino acid sequence and biological activity.
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A peptide toxin affecting potassium channels was isolated from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera. It facilitates acetylcholine release at avian neuromuscular junctions, competes with dendrotoxin I, a probe for voltage-dependent potassium channels, for binding to synaptosomal membranes of rat
Primary structure of a potassium channel toxin from the sea anemone Actinia equina.
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A potassium channel toxin (AeK) was isolated from the sea anemone Actinia equina by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and reverse-phase HPLC on TSKgel ODS-120T. AeK and alpha-dendrotoxin inhibited the binding of 125I-alpha-dendrotoxin to rat synaptosomal membranes with IC50 of 22 and 0.34 nM,
Isolation and cDNA cloning of a potassium channel peptide toxin from the sea anemone Anemonia erythraea.
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A potassium channel peptide toxin (AETX K) was isolated from the sea anemone Anemonia erythraea by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, reverse-phase HPLC on TSKgel ODS-120T and anion-exchange HPLC on Mono Q. AETX K inhibited the binding of (125)I-alpha-dendrotoxin to rat synaptosomal membranes,
Sea anemone toxins affecting potassium channels.
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The great diversity of K(+) channels and their wide distribution in many tissues are associated with important functions in cardiac and neuronal excitability that are now better understood thanks to the discovery of animal toxins. During the past few decades, sea anemones have provided a variety of
Modulation of Kv3 subfamily potassium currents by the sea anemone toxin BDS: significance for CNS and biophysical studies.
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Kv3 potassium channels, with their ultra-rapid gating and high activation threshold, are essential for high-frequency firing in many CNS neurons. Significantly, the Kv3.4 subunit has been implicated in the major CNS disorders Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and it is claimed that selectively
Potassium channel blockade by the sea anemone toxin ShK for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Expression of the two lymphocyte potassium channels, the voltage-gated channel Kv1.3 and the calcium activated channel IKCa1, changes during differentiation of human T cells. While IKCa1 is the functionally dominant channel in naive and "early" memory T cells, Kv1.3 is crucial for the activation of
Structure, folding and stability of a minimal homologue from Anemonia sulcata of the sea anemone potassium channel blocker ShK.
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Peptide toxins elaborated by sea anemones target various ion-channel sub-types. Recent transcriptomic studies of sea anemones have identified several novel candidate peptides, some of which have cysteine frameworks identical to those of previously reported sequences. One such peptide is AsK132958,
A potassium-channel toxin from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera, an inhibitor for Kv1 channels. Revision of the amino acid sequence, disulfide-bridge assignment, chemical synthesis, and biological activity.
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The potassium channel toxin secreted by the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera (BgK) is a 37-amino-acid peptide containing three disulfide bridges. Because a synthetic peptide corresponding to the reported sequence of BgK was found not to fold properly, the sequence was determined again. The new
APETx4, a Novel Sea Anemone Toxin and a Modulator of the Cancer-Relevant Potassium Channel KV10.1.
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The human ether-à-go-go channel (hEag1 or KV10.1) is a cancer-relevant voltage-gated potassium channel that is overexpressed in a majority of human tumors. Peptides that are able to selectively inhibit this channel can be lead compounds in the search for new anticancer drugs. Here, we report the
A bifunctional sea anemone peptide with Kunitz type protease and potassium channel inhibiting properties.
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Sea anemone venom is a known source of interesting bioactive compounds, including peptide toxins which are invaluable tools for studying structure and function of voltage-gated potassium channels. APEKTx1 is a novel peptide isolated from the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima, containing 63 amino
Biochemical and electrophysiological characterization of two sea anemone type 1 potassium toxins from a geographically distant population of Bunodosoma caissarum.
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Sea anemone (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) venom is an important source of bioactive compounds used as tools to study the pharmacology and structure-function of voltage-gated K+ channels (KV). These neurotoxins can be divided into four different types, according to their structure and mode of action. In this
Structural conservation of the pores of calcium-activated and voltage-gated potassium channels determined by a sea anemone toxin.
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The structurally defined sea anemone peptide toxins ShK and BgK potently block the intermediate conductance, Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel IKCa1, a well recognized therapeutic target present in erythrocytes, human T-lymphocytes, and the colon. The well characterized voltage-gated Kv1.3 channel
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