glutaminase/necrosis

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Small molecule glutaminase inhibitors block glutamate release from stimulated microglia.

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Glutaminase plays a critical role in the generation of glutamate, a key excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Excess glutamate release from activated macrophages and microglia correlates with upregulated glutaminase suggesting a pathogenic role for glutaminase. Both glutaminase siRNA and small

Necrotic neurons enhance microglial neurotoxicity through induction of glutaminase by a MyD88-dependent pathway.

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BACKGROUND Microglia are macrophage-like cells that constantly sense the microenvironment within the central nervous system (CNS). In the event of neuronal stress or injury, microglial cells rapidly react and change their phenotype. This response may lead to a deleterious type of microglial

Curcumin requires tumor necrosis factor α signaling to alleviate cognitive impairment elicited by lipopolysaccharide.

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A decline in cognitive ability is a typical feature of the normal aging process, and of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Although their etiologies differ, all of these disorders involve local activation of innate immune pathways and associated

Glutamine and glutaminolysis are required for efficient replication of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus in Chinese perch brain cells.

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Viruses rely on host cellular metabolism for energy and macromolecule synthesis during their replication. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) causes significant economic losses in the Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) industry worldwide. However, little is known about the

Expression and activity of pH-regulatory glutaminase in the human airway epithelium.

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Fluid condensed from the breath of patients with acute asthma is acidic. Several features of asthma pathophysiology can be initiated by exposure of the airway to acid. In renal tubular epithelium, glutaminase produces ammonia to buffer urinary acid excretion. We hypothesized that human airway

Probing the structure and function of human glutaminase-interacting protein: a possible target for drug design.

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PDZ domains are one of the most ubiquitous protein-protein interaction modules found in living systems. Glutaminase interacting protein (GIP), also known as Tax interacting protein 1 (TIP-1), is a PDZ domain-containing protein, which plays pivotal roles in many aspects of cellular signaling, protein

Decrease of glutaminase expression by interferon-gamma in human intestinal epithelial cells.

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BACKGROUND Glutaminase, the principal enzyme of glutamine hydrolysis, breaks down glutamine to supply energy and intermediates for cell growth and is present in high concentrations in replicating tissues such as intestinal epithelium and malignant tumors. In the host with cancer, glutaminase

Cytokines decrease glutaminase expression in human fibroblasts.

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BACKGROUND Glutamine metabolism in fibroblasts is essential for energy production, nucleotide biosynthesis, and growth during wound healing. Because cytokines can impair fibroblast proliferation, we tested the hypothesis that cytokines impair glutamine metabolism. We studied the influence of several

Role of phosphate-activated glutaminase in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.

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Disturbed body nitrogen homeostasis due to impaired hepatic urea synthesis leads to an alteration in inter-organ ammonia trafficking, resulting in hyperammonemia. Glutamine (Gln) synthase is the alternative pathway for ammonia detoxification. Gln taken up by several organs is split by the

Bcl-2 and Mn-SOD antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and a glutamine-enriched diet facilitate elimination of highly resistant B16 melanoma cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and chemotherapy.

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Mitochondrial glutathione (mtGSH) depletion increases sensitivity of Bcl-2-overexpressing B16 melanoma (B16M)-F10 cells (high metastatic potential) to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced oxidative stress and death in vitro. In vivo, mtGSH depletion in B16M-F10 cells was achieved by

TNFα increases STAT3-mediated expression of glutaminase isoform KGA in cultured rat astrocytes.

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Glutamate related excitotoxicity and excess of cerebral levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) are interrelated and well documented abnormalities noticed in many central nervous system diseases. Contribution of kidney type glutaminase (KGA) and shorter alternative splicing form (GAC) to

Macrophage-mediated lysis of a beta-cell line, tumour necrosis factor-alpha release from bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-activated murine macrophages and interleukin-8 release from human monocytes are dependent on extracellular glutamine concentration and glutamine metabolism.

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Macrophages and monocytes are cells with a large capacity for cytokine production. Cytokines produced by these cells are not preformed and released upon stimulation, but must be transcribed and translated. Although much is known concerning the regulation of the latter processes at the molecular

IL-1β and TNF-α induce neurotoxicity through glutamate production: a potential role for neuronal glutaminase.

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Glutaminase 1 is the main enzyme responsible for glutamate production in mammalian cells. The roles of macrophage and microglia glutaminases in brain injury, infection, and inflammation are well documented. However, little is known about the regulation of neuronal glutaminase, despite neurons being

Glutamine is required for red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus replication via replenishing the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

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Glutamine, one of the most important nutrients, plays a vital role in carbon metabolic pathway and has been reported to be required for the replication of several human DNA viruses. However, whether glutamine is required for RNA virus replication and the related mechanism remains elusive. Nervous

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces neurotoxicity via glutamate release from hemichannels of activated microglia in an autocrine manner.

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Glutamate released by activated microglia induces excitoneurotoxicity and may contribute to neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)

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