The management of acute exacerbations of COPD today is qualitatively the same as it was 40 years ago: bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. Because of the prominent pathophysiological role of neutrophils in exacerbations of COPD, neutrophils and their toxic oxidants and proteases
Since 1835 when Graves first described the eye changes in thyroid disease, considerable literature on investigating the basic disease process, the clinical behaviour, natural history and various medical and surgical treatments on thyroid orbitopathy has developed.
3.1 Pathogenesis 11, 12
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