nornicotine/atrophy

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Altered retinoid homeostasis catalyzed by a nicotine metabolite: implications in macular degeneration and normal development.

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Retinoids (vitamin A) serve two distinct functions in higher animals: light absorption for vision and gene regulation for growth and development. Cigarette smoking is a contributing factor for diseases that affect vision such as age-related macular degeneration and increases the risk of birth

Nicotine protects cultured striatal neurones against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity.

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The role of cholinergic mechanisms in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated neuronal death was investigated using mouse striatal neurones in primary culture. A 30 min exposure of striatal neurones to increasing concentrations of NMDA resulted 24 h later in dramatic neuronal degeneration as assessed

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