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phenylacetate/hypoxia

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Phorbol esters stimulate muscle glucose transport by a mechanism distinct from the insulin and hypoxia pathways.

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Glucose transport in skeletal muscle can be stimulated by insulin and also by contractions and hypoxia. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) stimulates glucose transport in muscle and other insulin-responsive cells. This study was performed to determine if the diacylglycerol (DAG)/phorbol

Acetic acid esters and permeable weak acids induce active proton extrusion and extension growth of coleoptile segments by lowering the cytoplasmic pH.

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In Avena coleoptile segments a decrease of cytoplasmic pH activates energy-dependent H(+) extrusion into the apoplast, thereby triggering extension growth. This sequence of events cannot be inhibited by cycloheximide and is induced by the following conditions and compounds. (i) A short anaerobic

Ammonia mediates cortical hemichannel dysfunction in rodent models of chronic liver disease.

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The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in cirrhosis is multifactorial and ammonia is thought to play a key role. Astroglial dysfunction is known to be present in HE. Astrocytes are extensively connected by gap junctions formed of connexins, which also exist as functional hemichannels
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