phosphatidyl inositol/atrophy

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Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding phosphatidyl inositol-specific phospholipase C from Trypanosoma cruzi.

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A gene encoding phosphatidyl inositol-4,5-bisphosphate phospholipase C (PLC) was cloned from the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. A partial cDNA encoding putative PLC was obtained by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to conserved regions of

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated neuroprotection of adult rat retinal ganglion cells in vivo does not exclusively depend on phosphatidyl-inositol-3'-kinase/protein kinase B signaling.

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The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serves as a survival, mitogenic, and differentiation factor in both the developing and adult CNS and PNS. In an attempt to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying BDNF neuroprotection, we studied activation of two potentially

VEGF protects spinal motor neurons against chronic excitotoxic degeneration in vivo by activation of PI3-K pathway and inhibition of p38MAPK.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protects spinal motor neurons in models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We previously demonstrated that VEGF also prevents motor neuron death and hindlimb paralysis in rats subjected to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-induced

Chinese Herbal Medicine Effects on Muscle Atrophy Induced by Simulated Microgravity.

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BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle atrophy is a striking example of the multiple changes in the physiological state of humans and animals induced by microgravity. Previous studies have shown that a blood circulation disorder may be a cause of this atrophy, and traditional Chinese medicine has been regarded

Early c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-2 is associated with degeneration of retinal ganglion cells.

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Neuron death due to deprivation of target-derived neurotrophic factors depends on protein synthesis regulated by transcription factor activity. We investigated the content and phosphorylation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) in axon-damaged retinal ganglion cells of neonatal rats. In the

Antidepressants are neuroprotective against nutrient deprivation stress in rat hippocampal neurons.

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There is ample evidence that depression and stress can be ameliorated through the use of physical exercise and/or antidepressant drugs. Both have been shown to promote neuroprotection against atrophy of dendrites and neuronal death through the activation of pro-survival signaling pathways, such as

The role of galanin in cholinergically-mediated memory processes.

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1. Galanin, a 29 amino-acid neuroactive peptide, has been shown to affect diverse processes throughout the nervous system and to coexist with several "classical" neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. 2. Galanin coexists with acetylcholine in neurons of the medial

Microchromatographic analysis of lipids, protein, and occurrence of lipid peroxidation in various brain areas of vanadium exposed rats: a possible mechanism of vanadium neurotoxicity.

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Administration of sodium metavanadate (3 mg/kg) to adult female Sprague Dawley rats for 5 consecutive days by intreaeritoneal route resulted in major alterations in lipid profiles and protein concentration in all the brain regions. Sodium metavanadate exposure displayed phospholipids, cholesterol

Microchromatographic analysis of lipids, protein, and occurrence of lipid peroxidation in various brain areas of vanadium exposed rats: a possible mechanism of vanadium neurotoxicity.

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Administration of sodium metavanadate (3 mg/kg) to adult female Sprague Dawley rats for 5 consecutive days by intraperitoneal route resulted in major alterations in lipid profiles and protein concentration in all the brain regions. Sodium metavanadate exposure displayed significant decrease in the

Peripheral nerve phospholipid composition: development in normal nerve and age-dependent changes in Wallerian degenerated nerve.

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The phospholipid composition of normal peripheral nerve as a function of developmental age as well as that of Wallerian-degenerated nerve as a function of age at nerve transection and duration of Wallerian degeneration have been quantitated in rabbit sciatic nerve. During development, increases in

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signalling in adult pig retinal ganglion cell neurite regeneration in vitro.

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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in stimulating retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal regeneration in rodent animal models in vivo and in vitro, but very little data are available on neurotrophin effects in higher mammals. We hence analysed BDNF signalling in

Blockage of PI3K/mTOR Pathways Inhibits Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization and Improves Outcomes Relative to VEGF-A Suppression Alone.

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Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a major cause of visual loss with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We evaluated whether blockade of phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), by impairing VEGF-A and other growth factor receptors like

Met acts on Mdm2 via mTOR to signal cell survival during development.

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Coordination of cell death and survival is crucial during embryogenesis and adulthood, and alteration of this balance can result in degeneration or cancer. Growth factor receptors such as Met can activate phosphatidyl-inositol-3' kinase (PI3K), a major intracellular mediator of growth and survival.

Neuropeptide Y in the olfactory microvillar cells.

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This paper examines a possible role of microvillar cells in coordinating cell death and regeneration of olfactory epithelial neurons. The olfactory neuroepithelium of mammals is a highly dynamic organ. Olfactory neurons periodically degenerate by apoptosis and as a consequence of chemical or

Lipids of human retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane/choroid: comparison of macular and peripheral regions.

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OBJECTIVE To understand the difference between macular and peripheral regions, tissue samples of human retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane/choroid were dissected and analyzed for lipid composition. METHODS To facilitate dissections and enhance the recovery of tissues, eyecups

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