substance dependence/cannabis

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From first drug use to drug dependence; developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol.

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The focal point of this paper is the transition from drug use to drug dependence. We present new evidence on risk for starting to use marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol, as well as risks for progression from first drug use to the onset of drug dependence, separately for each of these drugs. Data from

College on problems of drug dependence meeting, Puerto Rico (June 1996) marijuana use and dependence.

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Discoveries concerning an endogenous cannabinoid system and observations of dramatic increases in marijuana use among youth in the United States have fueled a recent increase in basic and clinical research to better understand and treat marijuana dependence. At the annual meeting of the College on

Examining the role of common genetic variants on alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and illicit drug dependence: genetics of vulnerability to drug dependence.

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OBJECTIVE Twin and family studies suggest that genetic influences are shared across substances of abuse. However, despite evidence of heritability, genome-wide association and candidate gene studies have indicated numerous markers of limited effects, suggesting that much of the heritability remains

Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists as promising new medications for drug dependence.

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This review examines the development of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists as a new class of therapeutic agents for drug addiction. Abused drugs [alcohol, opiates, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), and psychostimulants, including nicotine] elicit a variety of chronically relapsing

Familial transmission of substance dependence: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and habitual smoking: a report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism.

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BACKGROUND Alcoholism and substance dependence frequently co-occur. Accordingly, we evaluated the familial transmission of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine dependence and habitual smoking in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. METHODS Subjects (n=1212) who met criteria for both

Marijuana use and achievement of abstinence from alcohol and other drugs among people with substance dependence: a prospective cohort study.

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BACKGROUND Many with alcohol and other drug dependence have concurrent marijuana use, yet it is not clear how to address it during addiction treatment. This is partially due to the lack of clarity about whether marijuana use impacts one's ability to achieve abstinence from the target of addiction

Possible age-associated bias in reporting of clinical features of drug dependence: epidemiological evidence on adolescent-onset marijuana use.

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OBJECTIVE To probe recent evidence on apparent excess occurrence of marijuana dependence when marijuana smoking starts in adolescence. METHODS A national sample of recent-onset marijuana users was identified within public data files of the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), 1995-98

Synthetic cannabinoids to avoid urine drug screens: Implications for contingency management and other treatments for drug dependence.

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Contingency management (CM) is an effective treatment for substance use dependence. Within CM, rewards or vouchers promote continued abstinence by acting as alternative reinforcers to substance use. However, CM relies on the use of accurate biochemical verification methods, such as urinalysis, to

Association study of cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) alleles and drug dependence.

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[On the drug dependence of the cannabis type (hashish, marihuana)].

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Impact of HIV and a history of marijuana dependence on procedural learning among individuals with a history of substance dependence.

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Marijuana (MJ) use and HIV infection are both associated with neurocognitive deficits, yet there is little research to date examining their interactions, specifically how they pertain to procedural learning (PL). We examined a sample of 86 individuals with a history of dependence for multiple

On cannabis, chloral hydrate, and career cycles of psychotropic drugs in medicine.

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This article compares the careers of two psychotropic drugs in Western psychiatry, with a focus on the nineteenth century: Cannabis indica and chloral hydrate. They were used by doctors for similar indications, such as mania, delirium tremens, and what we would now call drug dependence. The two show

Genetic Factors in Cannabinoid Use and Dependence.

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Cannabinoid use and dependence are heritable traits controlled in part by genetic factors. Despite a high incidence of use worldwide, genes that contribute to the risk of problematic use and dependence remain enigmatic. Here we review human candidate gene association studies, family-based linkage

S100A10 identified in a genome-wide gene × cannabis dependence interaction analysis of risky sexual behaviours.

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We conducted a genome-wide gene × environment interaction analysis to identify genetic variants that interact with cannabis dependence (CaD) in influencing risky sexual behaviours (RSB). Our sample included cannabis-exposed and sexually experienced African-American and European-American

Lifetime Marijuana and Alcohol Use, and Cognitive Dysfunction in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

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Substance use is common among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Alcohol, marijuana, and HIV can have negative effects on cognition. Associations between current and lifetime marijuana and alcohol use and cognitive dysfunction in people with HIV infection were examined. Some

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