Infections or inflammatory states often cause significant increases in serum phenylalanine and the phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio. More than 95% of samples obtained during inflammatory diseases in man showed phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio increases greater than the maximum normal values. An increase in
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious, Gram-negative intra-cellular pathogen that can cause the zoonotic disease tularemia. Although the receptors critical for internalization of Francisella by macrophages are beginning to be defined, the identity of the downstream signaling pathways
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious intracellular bacterium that causes the fulminating disease tularemia, which can be transmitted between mammals by arthropod vectors. Genomic studies have shown that the F. tularensis has been undergoing genomic decay with the most virulent strains
Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent intracellular pathogen responsible for tularemia. This bacterium is capable of infecting many mammalian species and various cell types, but little is known about the mechanisms of survival and interactions with host cells. We examined the number of
Francisella tularensis is the etiological agent of tularemia, or rabbit fever. Although F. tularensis is a recognized biothreat agent with broad and expanding geographical range, its mechanism of infection and environmental persistence remain poorly understood. Previously, we identified seven F.
Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen, causes disseminating infections in humans and other mammalian hosts. Macrophages and other monocytes have long been considered the primary site of F. tularensis replication in infected animals. However, recently it
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