The control group will be given a single dose of 1.5 g rice flour in capsule form (250 mg / capsule). The gelatine capsules (MyProtein, Northwich, UK) used are identical to those used in the treatment group. Capsules are prepared by the investigatory team using good hygiene practice in the research kitchen of the School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation (University of Birmingham).

The treatment group will be given a single dose of 1.5g phosphatidic acid in capsule form (250 mg / capsule). Capsules are prepared by the investigatory team using good hygiene practice in the research kitchen of the School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation (University of Birmingham).
PA is considered a dietary supplement ingredient according to the US FDA. The source of PA will be a commercial available soy-derived PA (Mediator®, Chemi Nutra, White Bear Lake, MN). The safety of Mediator® Soy-PA has been thoroughly demonstrated in humans. Mediator® Soy-PA does not contain any compounds with narcotic, psychotropic or pharmaceutical effects and is in compliance with banned substances requirements as espoused by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Mediator® Soy-PA is not a medicinal product.

Sarcopenia

To be administered a single dose of 1.5 g phosphatidic acid in capsule form (250 mg / capsule).

Phosphatidic Acid

Rice flour placebo to be administered a single dose of 1.5 g in capsule form (250 mg / capsule).

Rice flour

University of Birmingham, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences

Determining the Muscle Anabolic Properties of Phosphatidic Acid.

Determining the Muscle Anabolic Properties of Phosphatidic Acid in Ageing.

Myofibrillar protein synthesis will be determined via mass spectrometry to assess stable isotope enrichment of 13C6 phenylalanine isotope in the myofibrillar protein fraction of biopsy tissue. The standard precursor-product calculations will be applied, using plasma isotope enrichment as the precursor.

Phosphorylation of key anabolic and proteolytic signalling intermediates that modulate myofibrillar protein synthesis will be determined via western blot technique

University of Birmingham

University of Nottingham

Parallel-designed study in which participants will be randomized to receive phosphatidic acid or placebo treatment. A parallel design was chosen due to the number of invasive muscle biopsies performed during each experimental trial.

An individual with no direct study involvement will administer treatments in a double-blind manner. Investigators will be un-blinded to treatment arms upon completion of data analysis.

Each capsule contains 400 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 200 mg of docosahexaenoic acid. We allocated five capsules per day, three in the morning and two at night, every 12 hours (8.00 am and 8:00 pm), therefore the subject ingest 2000 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1000 mg of docosahexaenoic acid per day (3 grams of Omega 3 per day) by mouth for 12 weeks. The trademark is Omega Rx Dr.Sears Zone labs Inc.

Each capsule contains 600 mg of soybean oil. We allocated five capusles per day, three in the morning and two at night, every 12 hours (8.00 am and 8:00 pm), therefore the subject ingest 3000 mg of soybean oil per day (3 gr soya oil per day) by mouth for 12 weeks.

Hypertriglyceridemia

Pediatric Obesity

Each capsule contains 400 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 200 mg of docosahexaenoic acid. We allocated five capsules per day, three in the morning and two at night, every 12 hours (8.00 am and 8:00 pm), therefore the subject ingest 2000 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 1000 mg of docosahexaenoic acid per day (3 gr of Omega 3 per day) by mouth for 12 weeks. The trademark is Omega RX Dr.Sears Zone labs Inc.

Omega-3 fatty acid 3 grams per day

Placebo Comparator: Placebo Each capsule contains 600 mg of soybean oil. We allocated five capusles per day, three in the morning and two at night, every 12 hours (8.00 am and 8:00 pm), therefore the subject ingest 3000 mg of soybean oil per day (3 gr soya oil per day) by mouth for 12 weeks.

Placebo

Safety and Efficacy of Omega-3 Free Fatty Acids in Adolescents With Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia.

A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Omega-3 Free Fatty Acids in Adolescents With Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia.

Percent change in triglyceride from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Fasting Triglycerides from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Percent Change in cholesterol from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Fasting Cholesterol from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Percent Change in HDL-C from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Fasting HDL-C from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Percent Change in glucose from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Fasting glucose from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Percent Change in Uric Acid from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Fasting Uric Acid from baseline to week 12 of study treatment

Blanca Estela Del Rio Navarro

Allergy and Pediatric Clinical Immunology

Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez

Leija Martinez José de Jesús

Miranda Lora América Liliana

Hall Mondragon Margareth Sharon

Fengyang Huang

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

The Masking intervention had made for investigation subjects and researchers

phosphatidic acid/obesidad

Determining the Muscle Anabolic Properties of Phosphatidic Acid.

Safety and Efficacy of Omega-3 Free Fatty Acids in Adolescents With Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia.

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