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This is a prospective, randomized double blinded control study which will be conducted in department of anesthesia and surgical Intensive care unit at Theodor Bilharz Research Institute after approval by research ethics committee and patient informed consent. 40 patients will be enrolled in the
Patients will be allocated sequentially in 2 groups. Sequential allocation will be used in order to control age as a possible confounding factor for the outcome of interest.
These patients will be monitored intraoperatively with electrocardiogram (ECG), noninvasive pressure, pulse oximetry,
During a preoperative visit, the patients are introduced to the concept of the visual analogue scale (VAS), which ranges from 0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain.
Once given general anesthesia in the operating room, the patient will be randomly selected into one of the two arms of this report's diagram
A written informed consent for participation in the trial was obtained by parents or the legal guardians . Fifty two children participate in the study.
Randomization and blindness: Patients were randomized into group (B) and group (BD) with a 1:1 allocation ratio. The allocated intervention was
BACKGROUND
Optimal intraoperative volume management is a mainstay during general anesthesia. Adequate intraoperative fluid administration enhances preload and supports optimal cardiac output. Intraoperative optimization of cardiac output using volume expansion decreases postoperative morbidity and