Obeticholic acid ameliorates severity of Clostridioides difficile infection in high fat diet-induced obese mice

Severe Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) is life-threatening and responds poorly to treatment. Obesity is associated with development of severe CDI. Therefore, to define the mechanisms that exacerbate disease severity, we examined CDI pathogenesis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. Compared to control mice, HFD-fed mice failed to clear C. difficile bacteria which resulted in protracted diarrhea, weight loss and colonic damage. After infection, HFD-induced obese mice had an intestinal bile acid (BA) pool that was dominated by primary BAs which are known promoters of C. difficile spore germination, and lacked secondary BAs that inhibit C. difficile growth. Concurrently, synthesis of primary BAs from liver was significantly increased in C. difficile-infected HFD-fed mice. A key pathway that regulates hepatic BA synthesis is via feedback inhibition from intestinal Farnesoid X receptors (FXRs). Our data reveal that the proportion of FXR agonist BAs to FXR antagonist BAs in the intestinal lumen was significantly reduced in HFD-fed mice after CDI. Treatment of HFD-fed mice with an FXR agonist Obeticholic acid, resulted in decreased primary BA synthesis, fewer C. difficile bacteria and better CDI outcomes. Thus, OCA treatment holds promise as a therapy for severe CDI.