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In 2014, the estimated population who were suffering from drug abuse and drug-related disorders reached over 29 million worldwide, making it a global health challenge. Moreover, 43.5 per million people die annually from associated drug use. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
A case control trial Patients who meet the inclusion criteria were asked to participate in the study and a written consent was obtained from each patient after explaining thoroughly the nature and the scope of the study.
For each patient:
1. Complete history was taking to exclude allergy to hyoscine
Introduction Rupture of esophageal varices that results in variceal hemorrhage is a major complication of cirrhotic patient leading to high mortality rate. Despite the control of initial bleeding, the early rebleeding may be as high as 30-50% among the survived patients and the mortality rate be up