This group will have their habitual diet supplemented with 30 to 45g (1 to 1.5 oz) of walnuts daily.

This group will eat their habitual diet and refrain from eating walnuts.

Age Related Cognitive Decline

Age Related Macular Degeneration

Walnuts

habitual diet

Loma Linda University, Department of Nutrition

Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona

Walnuts and Healthy Aging

Effect of Daily Ingestion of Walnuts for 2 Years on Age-related Cognitive Decline and Macular Degeneration in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Randomized, Single Blind, Dual Center, Controlled Trial

The composite score will be calculated using the scores from the tests listed below. We will calculate the standardized scores of each test as the score of each participant minus the group mean and divide by its standard deviation. The composite score is the mean of the standardized scores.
The 12 tests are: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF), Semantic Fluency (Animals), Boston Naming Test (BNT), Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP), Block Design section from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), Trail Making Test (TMT), FAS Word Fluency, Stroop Color Word Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SMDT) Digit Span from the WAIS-III and Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT-II).

This will be assessed: by stereoscopic digitized color fundus images graded by International Classification System for Age-Related Maculopathy (score range. 0 to 4; the higher the score, the worse the condition); by optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of macular thickness (in µm); by optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of retinal nervous fiber layer thickness (in µm).

Changes will be assessed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a randomly selected subset of participants. Only in Barcelona center. Unit of measure is mm2.

Changes will be assessed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using GM density maps on a randomly selected subset of participants. Only in Barcelona center. Unit of measure is GM density.

Changes will be assessed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a randomly selected subset of participants. Only in Barcelona center. Unit of measure is mL.

Changes will be assessed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a randomly selected subset of participants. Only in Barcelona center. Unit of measure is ml/100 g/min.

Changes will be assessed by Functional MRI (fMRI) on a randomly selected subset of participants. Only in Barcelona center. There are no units of measure.

Changes will be assessed by high-resolution ultrasound. Only in Barcelona center.

BMI will be calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared

Waist circumference will be measured to the nearest 0.5 cm by using an anthropometric tape midway between the lowest rib and at the iliac crest at minimal respiration

Changes will be assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Only in Barcelona center.

Fasting serum total cholesterol will be measured by a standard enzymatic method

Fasting serum LDL-cholesterol will be estimated by the Friedewald formula

Fasting serum HDL-cholesterol will be measured by a precipitation technique

Fasting triglycerides will be measured by a standard enzymatic method

Joan Sabate,DrPH, MD

Principal Investigator, Chair, Department of Nutrition

Loma Linda University

University of Barcelona

II. Study arms:
a. Participants in the dry AMD study group will be randomized into two arms with a 4:1 ratio: i. Omega-3-fatty acids 4 gm oral daily (Total:840mg EPA/2520mg DHA) (1:3 ratio of EPA to DHA) ( 6 capsules fatty acids)

ii. Placebo oral daily (6 softgel capsules, each contains 1100 mg olive oil)

Aged Macular Degeneration

Omega-3-fatty acids 4 gm oral daily (Total:840mg EPA/2520mg DHA) (1:3 ratio of EPA to DHA) ( 6 capsules fatty acids)

Omega 3

Olive Oil

Mid Atlantic Retina

Omega-3-fatty Acids on Age-related Macular

Short Term Ocular Safety Assessment of High Dose Omega-3 Supplementation for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Aim: To demonstrate the short-term multi focal electroretinogram (mfERG) effect of oral omega-3-fatty acids in the triglyceride form on dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Null hypothesis: Omega-3-fatty acids do not affect the mfERGs of patients with dry AMD.

linolenic acid/atrophy

Walnuts and Healthy Aging

Omega-3-fatty Acids on Age-related Macular

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