Patients in this group will be offered virtual reality distraction through the use of OR in addition to standard of care.

Patients in this group will receive standard care, including the proposition to use topical anesthetic cream prior to venipuncture attempt, usual distraction and positioning proposed by the treating nurse.

Procedural Anxiety

Pain

Virtual Reality goggle (Oculus Rift ® Helmet)

St Justine Hospital

Virtual Reality for Needle Procedures in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Distraction in the Emergency Using Virtual Reality for Intravenous Needs in Children to Improve Comfort (DEVINCI): A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

The primary outcome of this study is the mean pain score felt during the procedure (self-report of pain level during the procedure) measured by the Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS).
The VNRS consists of pain scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (extreme pain). It is a well-established, valid, and reliable tool for the self-report of pain intensity in children as young as 6 years of age. This scale is widely used as it requires a lower degree of abstraction and less resources when compared to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The VNRS requires no physical tools, which explains its wide use in older children and adults with acute pain.

Individual 0 to 10 rating scales (without subscales), will be filled by the patient, parent and nurse present during the venipuncture.
0 indicates "not at all", whereas 10 indicated "extremely" with respect to the question asked. Participants can only choose integers between 0 and 10.
The results obtained from this scale aim to inform the study team on the participants' perception of pain management received by children undergoing a venipuncture, with respect to pain relief, side effects, physical recovery, and emotional recovery.
The question asked is the following:
"Considering pain relief, side effects, physical recovery, and emotional recovery, are you satisfied with the treatments your child received for pain? (0 = not at all, 10 = extremely)"

Will be measured with the Procedure Behaviour Check List (PBCL). Consists of 8 sub-categories, graded 1 (very light) to 5 (extremely intense), for maximum of 40 points. According to a systematic review of observational measures of pain in children and adolescents, this scale was among the scales with the best balance of evidence, ease of use, and validity for the evaluation for pain-related distress

Self-report of pain level at baseline, measured by the Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS). 0 (no pain) to 10 (extreme pain) pain scale. The NRS is a well-established, valid, and reliable tool for the self-report of pain intensity in children as young as 6 years of age. This scale is widely used as it requires a lower degree of abstraction and less resources when compared to the VAS. The VNRS is even simpler, as it requires no physical tools, which explains its wide use in older children and adults with acute pain.

Measured with the Child Fear Scale (CFS), a self-reported measure of anxiety adapted from the Faces Anxiety Scale (McKinley et al., 2003) for specific use in children undergoing painful experiences. It presents five faces ranging from 0 (no fear) through 4 (extremely fearful). The child is asked to indicate which face shows best how he/she feels during the procedure.

Esli Osmanlliu

Fellow, Pediatric Emergency Medicine

St. Justine's Hospital

Interventions. When venipuncture (either for IV line insertion or diagnostic venipuncture) is prescribed by a physician, a topical anesthetic cream (Maxilene® 4 - Lidocaine 4%) will be proposed to the patient, as standard of care. Usual positioning will be used by the staff nurse.
A) Virtual reality: Patients in this group will be offered virtual reality distraction through the use of OR.
B) Control intervention (standard of care): Patients in this group will receive standard care, including the proposition to use topical anesthetic cream prior to venipuncture attempt, usual distraction and positioning proposed by the treating nurse.

Sucrose 50 g + D-allulose (psicose) 2.5 g

Sucrose 50 g + D-allulose (psicose) 7.5 g

Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Eligible subjects will come for visit 1 to consume varying dose of D-allulose with sucrose beverage with 1 of 5 beverages in a random order which will be blinded for both subjects and investigators. They will have to do 24-hour dietary record a day prior to each visit. Subjects have to be abstained from energy diet within 8 hours prior to each visit. Venous blood samples will be collected 6 mL for measurement of FPG and insulin before taking any study product. Subjects have to drink all within 1 minute. Blood samples will be drawn again 6 mL at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after consumption for measurement of PG and insulin. Every subject will be asked to come back to finish OSTT with 5 study products in a random order, each at 7 days or >5 days and <12 days apart.

D-allulose

Clinical trial Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University

Effects of D-allulose (Psicose) With Sucrose Beverage on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Level

The Dose-response Effects of D-allulose (Psicose) With Sucrose Beverage on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Level in Healthy Volunteers and Volunteers With Impaired Fasting Glucose

oral sucrose tolerance test with sucrose +/- allulose

Oral sucrose tolerance test with sucrose +/- allulose

Supawan Buranapin

Assisstant Professor Supawan Buranapin, MD

Chiang Mai University

Kagawa University

Each patient in the honey group (group 1) took oral honey in a dose of 5 ml/kg/day (with a maximum dose of 150 ml/day) for four weeks.

Each patient in the molasses (placebo) group (group 1) took molasses in a dose of 5 ml/kg/day (with a maximum dose of 150 ml/day) for four weeks.

Hepatitis A

Each patient in the intervention group (group 1) took oral honey in a dose of 5 ml/kg/day (with a maximum dose of 150 ml/day) for four weeks.

honey

Each patient in the molasses (placebo) group took 5 ml molasses/kg/day for four weeks, with a maximum of 150 ml/day

sucrose/oksendamine

Virtual Reality for Needle Procedures in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Effects of D-allulose (Psicose) With Sucrose Beverage on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Level

The Effects of Honey, as a Dietary Supplement in Children With Hepatitis A

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