The lipid metabolism alteration of three spirocyclic tetramic acids on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.

Spirocyclic tetramic acids are widely used in controlling phytophagous mite species throughout the world. the data set is incomplete and provides insufficient evidence for drawing the same conclusion for fish. To fill the gap whether these acaricides alter lipid metabolism on vertebrates, zebrafish embryos exposed to a series concentration of pesticides, the developmental effects, enzyme activities and levels of gene expression were assessed, battery of biomarker utilized by the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) model. The 96 h-LC₅₀ of spirodiclofen, spiromesifen and spirotetramat were 0.14, 0.12 and 5.94 mg/L, respectively. Yolk sac deformity, pericardial edema, spinal curvature and tail malformation were observed. Three spirocyclic acids were unfavouring the lipid accumulation of by inhibited the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthesis (FAS), fatty acid binding proteins (FABP2) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. The total cholesterol (TCHO) level significantly decreased in the 0.072 mg/L spirodiclofen group and 0.015 and 0.030 mg/L in the spiromesifen groups. No expected change in spirotetramat group on the TCHO and triglycerides (TGs) levels for any of the treatments. The mRNA levels of the genes related to lipid metabolism also significantly altered. In both spirodiclofen and spiromesifen, ACC achieved the highest scores among a battery of biomarkers using integrated biomarker response (IBRv2). The results suggest that spiromesifen was the most toxic for embryos development and spirodiclofen was the most toxic for lipid metabolism in embryos. The 0.07 mg/L of spirodiclofen, 0.05 mg/L of spiromesifen and 2.00 mg/L would cause malformation on zebrafish embryos. This study will provide new insight that fatty acid metabolism may be a suitable biomarker for the spirocyclic tetramic acids in fish species.