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Guanine nucleotide exchange factor -H1 promotes inflammatory cytokine production and intracellular mycobacterial elimination in macrophages.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which causes tuberculosis, is a host-adapted intracellular pathogen that can live within macrophages owning to its ability to arrest phagolysosome biogenesis. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1 (GEF-H1) may contribute to the phagocytosis of bacteria by

Allopurinol enhances the activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in inflammatory bowel disease patients during low-dose thiopurine therapy: preliminary data of an ongoing series.

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Thiopurines are crucial in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. The phenotype of pivotal metabolic enzymes determines whether thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) are generated in clinically sufficiently high levels. The first step in activation of thiopurine prodrugs to 6-TGN is catalysis by

Nonsynonymous Polymorphism in Guanine Monophosphate Synthetase Is a Risk Factor for Unfavorable Thiopurine Metabolite Ratios in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

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UNASSIGNED Up to 20% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who are refractory to thiopurine therapy preferentially produce 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP) at the expense of 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN), resulting in a high 6-MMP:6-TGN ratio (>20). The objective of this study was to

Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity is related to 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations and thiopurine-induced leukopenia in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

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BACKGROUND Thiopurine drugs are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The polymorphic enzyme thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is of importance for thiopurine metabolism and adverse events occurrence. The role of other thiopurine-metabolizing enzymes is less well

Limited intra-individual variability in hypoxanthine-Guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, thiopurine S-methyl transferase, and xanthine oxidase activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients during 6-thioguanine therapy.

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6-Thioguanine (6-TG) may be indicated in case of intolerance of or resistance to conventional thiopurines in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The aim of our study was to evaluate the intrapatient variability in the 6-TG metabolizing enzymes: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl

The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor P-Rex1 as a potential drug target for cancer metastasis and inflammatory diseases.

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Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP₃)-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac small GTPases and the Rac-related GTPase RhoG. P-Rex1 plays an important role in cell migration and relays intracellular signals generated through

Paradoxical hotspots for guanine oxidation by a chemical mediator of inflammation.

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Guanine in DNA is a major oxidation target owing to its low ionization potential (IP), and there is often an inverse correlation between damage frequency and sequence-dependent variation in guanine IP. We report that the biological oxidant nitrosoperoxycarbonate (ONOOCO2(-)) paradoxically selects

The Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Brx: A Link between Osmotic Stress, Inflammation and Organ Physiology and Pathophysiology.

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Dehydration, and consequent intracellular hyperosmolarity, is a major challenge to land organisms, as it is associated with extraction of water from cells and disturbance of global cellular function. Organisms have thus developed a highly conserved regulatory mechanism that transduces the

Insight into the 6-thiopurine-mediated termination of the invasive motility of tumor cells derived from inflammatory breast cancer.

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Our study showed that a combination of 6-thiopurine (6-TP) drugs and a redox agent effectively inhibits the motility of SUM cells derived from human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) cells and RhoC-overexpressed mammary epithelium cells. This 6-TP-mediated inhibition of cell motility occurs because

Occurrence of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients is associated with the oxidative stress caused by chronic lung inflammation.

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Oxidative stress caused by chronic lung inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is characterized by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) liberated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). We formulated the hypothesis that oxidation of the

Dock2 in the development of inflammation and cancer.

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An atypical guanine exchange factor, Dock2 is specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells and regulates activation and migration of immune cells through activating Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac). Dock2 was shown to be critical in the development of various inflammatory diseases,

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i)α2 aggravates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by regulating MLK3 signaling.

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Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major challenge in liver resection and transplantation surgeries. Previous studies have revealed that guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i)α2 (GNAI2) was involved in the progression of myocardial and cerebral I/R injury, but the role and function of

G Protein-Coupled Receptor and RhoA-Stimulated Transcriptional Responses: Links to Inflammation, Differentiation, and Cell Proliferation.

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The low molecular weight G protein RhoA (rat sarcoma virus homolog family member A) serves as a node for transducing signals through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Activation of RhoA occurs through coupling of G proteins, most prominently, G12/13, to Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors.

Potential role for 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase in regulating inflammation.

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OGG-1 DNA glycosylase (OGG-1) is an enzyme involved in DNA repair. It excises 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine, which is formed by oxidative damage of guanine. We have investigated the role of OGG-1 in inflammation using three models of inflammation: endotoxic shock, diabetes, and contact hypersensitivity.

Deficiency in OGG1 protects against inflammation and mutagenic effects associated with H. pylori infection in mouse.

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BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastric cancer. Study with the Big Blue mouse model has reported a mutagenic effect associated with the H. pylori infection, as a result in part of oxidative DNA damage. The present work investigates the consequences of a deficiency in the

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Herbal & Natural Medicine

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