25 Patients Cock's comb extract 0.01% Applied topically twice daily for 12 weeks

Chronic Arsenic Poisoning

Applied topically twice daily for 12 weeks

Cock's comb extract 0.01%

Shahrashti

Effect of Cock's Comb Extract in the Treatment of Arsenical Skin Lesion

Size of keratotic lesion will be decreased

Prof. Mir Misbahuddin

Principal investigator

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Topical application of cock's comb extract in the treatment of palmar arsenical keratosis

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in 6 litres of water with added sodium hypochlorite (0.0125%), air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied and Whitfields ointment if required for any fungal infection.

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in 1 litre of water with added sodium hypochlorite (0.0125%) and 2% glycerine, air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied and Whitfields ointment if required for any fungal infection.

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%), air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment was applied if required to any areas of fungal infection.

Current Skin Care Regimen

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%) and 2% glycerine, air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment was applied if required to any areas of fungal infection.

Current Skin Regimen Plus 2% Glycerine

Total

Gender

Data was collected from new patients attending two Action on Podoconiosis Clinics in south-central Ethiopia with similar graphical features. Clinical practice at both was the same.

Region of Enrollment

There are 5 stages with 5 being the most severe stage of podoconiosis.

Severity of podoconioisis based on a staging systeme

Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured with a Vapometer (non-invasive probe) on the outer lower leg 8 cms below the head of the fibula. TEWL is the water lost through the skin under non-sweating conditions. It is the major indicator of healthy skin. A reduction in TEWL indicates a positive effect on skin barrier function. It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values.

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in 6 litres of water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%), air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment applied if required to any area of fungal infection.

Control Group

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in litre of water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%) and 2% glycerine and frequently splashed up legs, air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment applied if required to any area of fungal infection.

Experimental Group

Change in TEWL at Top of Outer Lower Legs

Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured with a Vapometer (non- invasive probe) at a specific point on the outer lower leg. This was mid-way between the measurement site at the top of the outer leg and the site at the base of the outer lower leg. TEWL is the water lost through the skin under non-sweating conditions. It is the major indicator of healthy skin. A reduction in TEWL indicates a positive effect on skin barrier function. It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values.

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%), air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment applied if required to any area of fungal infection.

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in 1 litre of water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%) and 2% glycerine and frequently splashed up legs, air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment applied if required to any area of fungal infection.

Change in TEWL at Mid-point Outer Lower Legs

Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured with a Vapometer (non- invasive probe) at a specific point on the outer lower leg 8cms above the external malleolus. A reduction in TEWL indicates a positive effect on skin barrier function.It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values.
TEWL is the water lost through the skin under non-sweating conditions. It is the major indicator of healthy skin. A reduction in TEWL indicates a positive effect on skin barrier function. It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values.

Change in TEWL at Base of Outer Lower Legs

Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured with a Vapometer (non- invasive probe) at a specific point on the top of the foot. A reduction in TEWL indicates a positive effect on skin barrier function.It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values.
TEWL is the water lost through the skin under non-sweating conditions. It is the major indicator of healthy skin. A reduction in TEWL indicates a positive effect on skin barrier function. It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values.

Change in TEWL at Top of Feet

Stratum corneum hydration was measured at a specific point at top of outer lower leg (8cms below the head of the fibula) with a MoistureMeter (non-invasive probe).This measures skin capacitance in arbitrary units. It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values. Increases in stratum corneum hydration indicate a positive effect on skin barrier function.

Change in Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) at the Top of Outer Lower Legs

SCH was measured mid-way between the measurement site at the top of the outer leg and the site at the base of the outer lower leg. It was measured with a MoistureMeter (non-invasive probe).This measures skin capacitance in arbitrary units. It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values. Increases in stratum corneum hydration indicate a positive effect on skin barrier function.

Change in Stratum Corneum Hydration (SCH) at Mid-point Outer Lower Leg.

Stratum corneum hydration was measured at the base of the outer lower leg 8 cms above the external malleolus. It was measured with a MoistureMeter (non-invasive probe).This measures skin capacitance in arbitrary units. It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values. Increases in stratum corneum hydration indicate a positive effect on skin barrier function.

Change in Stratum Corneum Hydration at Base of Outer Lower Leg

Stratum corneum hydration measured at a specific point on the middle top of the foot with a MoistureMeter (non-invasive probe).This measures skin capacitance in arbitrary units. It is generally recommended that differences or percentage changes are reported rather than absolute values. Increases in stratum corneum hydration indicate a positive effect on skin barrier function.

Change in Stratum Corneum Hydration at Top of Feet

Podoconiosis Staging System (1-5) used with 5 the most severe stage. This staging system was specifically designed for those with podoconiosis. Legs with stages 1, 2 or 3 were categorised with mild/moderate disease and those with stages 4,5 with severe disease.

The number of legs with each stage of podoconiosis (1-5) and those with no disease

Stage of Podoconiosis 1st Visit

Stage of Podoconiosis 4th Visit

Stage of Podoconiosis in Each Leg of All Participants at Baseline and 4th Visit

Total number of observed trophic changes (mossy eruptions on the skin of the lower legs/feet characteristic of podoconiosis) in all participants by clinic nurse at baseline and at 4th visit. Trophic changes were either present or not present.

Trophic (mossy) skin changes on the lower legs/feet are a characteristic of podoconiosis. The total number of all participants with trophic changes in their lower legs/feet is reported.

Total Number of Trophic Skin Changes at Baseline

Trophic (mossy) skin changes on the lower legs/feet are a characteristic of podoconiosis. The total number of all participants with trophic changes in their lower legs/feet is reported. A reduction in the number of legs/feet with mossy changes would denote an improvement in the condition.

Total Number of Trophic Skin Changes at 4th Visit

Total Number of Trophic Skin Changes (Mossy Changes) All Participants at Baseline and 4th Visit

Change in the presence of bad odour emanating from wounds on participant's lower legs/feet as determined by clinic nurse. Bad odour results in social stigma and impacts of quality of life.

Presence of a bad odour emanating from legs/feet of all participants as determined by clinic nurse.

Participants With Bad Odour From Legs/Feet at Baseline

Participants With Bad Odour From Legs/Feet at 4th Visit

Total Number of All Participants With the Presence of a Bad Odour Emanating From Their Lower Limbs.

Observation and count of number of wounds (all breaches of the stratum corneum including areas of fungal infection) on lower legs/feet by clinic nurse.
Breaches in the skin and areas of fungal infection are more likely to occur in those with an impaired skin barrier function.A reduction in the number of wounds indicates an improvement in SBF.

The total number of wounds (skin breaches including areas of fungal infection) of all participants on all legs/feet at baseline.

Number of Wounds at Baseline

The total number of wounds (skin breaches including areas of fungal infection) of all participants on all legs/feet at 4th visit.

Number of Wounds 4th Visit

Number of Wounds on Lower Legs/Feet of Participants.

Verbal questioning of participants by clinic nurse or social worker as to number of work days lost due to severe leg pain (adenolymphangitis). Questioning was used as most participants were illiterate.

Number of days work lost in previous month due to adeno-lymphangitis. Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%) and 2% glycerine, air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment applied if required to any area of fungal infection.

Number of Days Work Days Lost by All Participants Baseline

Number of Days Lost by All Participants at 4th Visit

Change in Number of Work Days Lost in Previous Month Due to Adenolymphangitis (ADL)

Statistical calculation of the correlation between the number of work days lost in the previous month due to leg pain (adenolymphangitis) and the number of wounds present on the lower leg/foot. Wounds on the lower legs/feet may produce a bad odour.

Correlation between nuumber of work days lost in previous month due to ADL and number of wounds (all skin breaches including areas of fungal infection)

Correlation Between Number of Wounds and Days Lost Due to ADL

Correlation Between Number of Work Days Lost Due to Adenolymphangitis and Number of Wounds

Measured by clinic nurse in centimetres with a disposable tape measure at the point of largest circumference on the foot.

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soak for 30 mins in water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%) and 2% glycerine, air dried, thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment applied if required to any area of fungal infection.

Change in Largest Lower Leg Circumference

Measured by clinic nurse in centimetres with a disposable tape measure at the point of largest circumference on the foot

Change in Largest Foot Circumference

The Amharic version of the DLQI has been validated for use in Ethiopia where Amharic is the official working language. The index is divided into 4 sections covering leisure, work and school, personal relationships and treatment. The maximum score of 30 indicates a high impact on quality of life. The lowest score zero. A reduction in the number indicates an improvement in quality of life. Participants were verbally questioned by the clinic nurse or social worker as most participants were illiterate.

Amharic Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soaked in 6 litres of water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%) and splashed up the lower legs with the hands for 30 mins, then air dried, a thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment was applied if required to any areas of fungal infection.

Legs/feet washed daily for 3 months with soapy water, soaked in 1 litre of water with added sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) (0.0125%) and splashed up the lower legs with the hands for 30 mins, then air dried, a thin layer of petrolatum jelly applied. Whitfields ointment was applied if required to any areas of fungal infection.

Overall Study

Jill Brooks. PhD student,

Non-filarial Elephantiasis

Current skin care regimen plus 2% glycerine added to soaking water

Current skin care regimen

An RCT to Evaluate the Effect of a New Skin Care Regimen on SBF in Those With Podoconiosis

A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of a New Skin Care Regimen on Skin Barrier Function in Those With Podoconiosis in Ethiopia

Jill Brooks

PhD student

University of Hull

Procter and Gamble

Atherothrombosis

Aspirin

Triflusal

Atherothrombosis Research Centre / Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Ioannina

ASpirin vs Triflusal for Event Reduction In Atherothrombosis Secondary Prevention (ASTERIAS)

Comparison of Triflusal With Aspirin in the Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Events

Number of participants who suffer from the primary efficacy end point which is the composite of death from vascular causes, myocardial infarction(MI), or stroke during the twelve month treatment period

Number of participants who suffer from the rate of bleeding events as defined by Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria during the twelve month treatment period

Number of participants who suffer from the secondary efficacy end point which is the composite of death from any cause, MI, or stroke during the twelve month treatment period

Number of participants who suffer from the secondary safety end points which are hypersensitivity or intolerance to study drugs during the twelve month treatment period

Alexandros Tselepis

Professor of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry

University of Ioannina

The intervention visit involves a test meal to be consumed by subjects attending the Human Nutrition Unit in the morning, following an overnight fast. The meal will be consumed within 15 minutes and blood (69 mL) and urine samples will be collected during 24 hours.
The test meals are designed to contain the same amount of proteins. Alternative protein meals: a number of bread buns for each meal containing individual alternative protein flours (green pea, lupin, hemp, buckwheat, fava beans). These will deliver 30 g of protein, the remainder being provided by white flour. The control (meat) meal: a lean beef steak containing 30 g of protein and a bun containing the same amount of white flour as used for the alternative protein bread buns.
The semi structured interview guide: will take place within the Human Nutrition Unit during one of the scheduled visits, once initial screening has taken place and participants have been selected. All interviews will be digitally recorded.

Healthy

Fava bean, Lupin, Beef meat, Green pea, Hemp, Buckwheat

Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen

Health Impacts of Sustainable Ingredient Selection in the Food and Drink Industry - ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN STUDY

Each intervention visit will involve a test meal to be consumed by subjects attending the Human Nutrition Unit (HNU) in the morning, following an overnight fast. They will be provided with a meal, which will be consumed within 15 minutes and blood (69 mL) and urine samples will be collected during 24 hours .
Biomarkers of satiety as measured by gut-related hormones and subjective appetite using visual analogue scales, specifically to be collected during the meal over a three hour period, every 30 minutes. The energy intake measured for each volunteer after an ad libitum lunch (five hours after test meal).
Biomarkers of CVD risk including total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA).
Assessment of peripheral glycaemic control, fasting glucose, area under the curve combined with insulin data.

The intervention visit will involve a test meal to be consumed by subjects attending the Human Nutrition Unit (HNU) in the morning, following an overnight fast. They will be provided with a meal, which will be consumed within 15 minutes and blood (69 mL) and urine samples will be collected during 24 hours
Plasma and urine markers of important phytochemical and protein metabolites will be quantitatively analysed to determine the systemic availability, in vivo concentrations and excretion times.

With regard to the social science component of the project, in-depth semi-structured interviews will be used for assessing the volunteers view towards diets rich in alternative plant proteins. For each volunteer will be conducted an digitally recorded interview(one hour), during one of the scheduled visits at the Human Nutrition Unit, once initial screening has taken place and participants have been selected.

benzoic acid/tulehdus

Effect of Cock's Comb Extract in the Treatment of Arsenical Skin Lesion

An RCT to Evaluate the Effect of a New Skin Care Regimen on SBF in Those With Podoconiosis

ASpirin vs Triflusal for Event Reduction In Atherothrombosis Secondary Prevention (ASTERIAS)

Health Impacts of Sustainable Ingredient Selection in the Food and Drink Industry - ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN STUDY

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