240 black boys were included in the study (mean age 7.5 years)

339 black girls were included in the study (mean age 7.5 years)

239 white boys were included in the study (mean age 7.4 years)

224 white girls were included in the study (mean age 7.4 years)

Biological samples for biomarker analyses (spot urine and saliva) were taken at baseline and also for each follow-up. Samples are preserved for both short and long-term at -80°C. We aim to assess a variety of traditional and new biomarkers related to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Saliva samples - not for DNA purposes Urine samples - only for non-coding mRNA analysis

Hypertension

Retinal Artery Stenosis

Childhood Obesity

Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University

The Exercise, Arterial Modulation and Nutrition in Youth South Africa Study

The Exercise, Arterial Modulation and Nutrition in Youth South Africa (ExAMIN Youth SA) Study

Elevated blood pressure and stage 1 hypertension according to the American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guidelines 2017 stratified for age, sex, weight and height. Automated oscillometric calculations of central systolic blood pressure and pulse wave velocity.

Overweight and obesity classification according to the World Health Organisation percentiles for childhood obesity

Multiplex analysis of cardiovascular and kidney related biomarkers, and subsequently metabolomics and hormone concentrations

Physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, coordination, endurance, speed, balance) and activity (accelerometry)

Anthropometry including body heigh, body weight, waist-to-height ratio, and body fat percentage

Healthy and unhealthy food consumption frequencies determined by validate survey to depict unhealthy and healthy food group patterns

Early life stress events as quantified by validated psychosocial questionnaires.

Automated oscillometric calculations of central systolic blood pressure and pulse wave velocity at baseline and 4-years follow-up

Target organ damage will be assessed at follow-up by carotid intima media thickness and left ventricular mass.

Ruan Kruger

Associate Professor

North-West University, South Africa

National Research Foundation of South Africa

Medical Research Council, South Africa

Whole blood, plasma, serum and urine samples

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

University of Rome La Sapienza, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Diabetes Unit

Study on the Assessment of Determinants of Muscle and Bone Strength Abnormalities in Diabetes

Baseline parameters predicting reduction of muscle and bone strength

Relation of changes over time in predictors with reduced muscle and bone strength

Giuseppe Pugliese

MD, PhD

Metabolic Fitness Association, Italy

University of Roma La Sapienza

One arm study in Overweight Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Overweight Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Sex: Female, Male

Region of Enrollment

Change: Weight after 12 months of therapy or more - weight at baseline

Change in Weight From Baseline at 12 Months or More

Change: Body Mass Index (BMI) after 12 months of therapy or more - BMI at baseline

Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) From Baseline at 12 Months or More

Change: Waist circumference after 12 months or more of therapy - Waist circumference at baseline

Change in Waist Circumference From Baseline at 12 Months or More

Change: Waist circumference/Hip circumference ratio after 12 months or more of therapy - Waist circumference/Hip circumference ratio at baseline

Change in Waist Circumference (Cms)/Hip Circumference (Cms)From Baseline at 12 Months or More

Change: Waist/Height ratio after 12 months or more of therapy - Waist/Height ratio at baseline

Change in Waist (Cms) /Height (Meters) Ratio From Baseline at 12 Months or More

Change: Fasting blood glucose after 12 months or more of therapy - Fasting blood glucose at baseline

Change in Fasting Blood Glucose From Baseline at 12 Months or More

Change: Glycosylated Haemoglobin after 12 months or more of therapy - Glycosylated Haemoglobin at baseline.

Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (A1C) From Baseline at 12 Months or More

Metformin in Maximum Tolerated Dose

Metformin for 12 Months or More

Dr. Amulya R Sircar

Obesity

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

0.5g twice a day to 2g twice a day for at least 12 months or more

Extended Release Metformin

Sircar Diabetes Clinic

Metformin in Overweight Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Metformin Monotherapy Significantly Improves Anthropometric and Glycemic Values in Overweight Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: One Year or More Prospective Study.

mydriasis/albumiini

The Exercise, Arterial Modulation and Nutrition in Youth South Africa Study

Study on the Assessment of Determinants of Muscle and Bone Strength Abnormalities in Diabetes

Metformin in Overweight Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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