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Role of oxidative metabolism in the effect of valproic acid on markers of cell viability, necrosis, and oxidative stress in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes.

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Valproic acid (VPA) is a drug known for idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and is associated with oxidative stress. It is metabolized extensively with at least one pathway leading to reactive metabolites. The primary aim of the present study was to determine whether oxidative metabolites of VPA generated

Caprylic (Octanoic) Acid as a Potential Fatty Acid Chemotherapeutic for Glioblastoma

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High grade glial tumors (HGGs) including anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO Grade-III) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO Grade-IV) are among the most malignant cancers known to man. Due to their defective mitochondria, HGG cells consume glucose via glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. Overall

Effect of hepatic failure toxins on liver thymidine kinase activity and ornithine decarboxylase activity after massive necrosis with acetaminophen in the rat.

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After massive liver injury with acetaminophen, subcoma doses of hepatic failure toxins (NH+4, dimethyl disulfide [----methanethiol], octanoic acid) depressed liver thymidine kinase (TK) activity by 78%, 85%, and 90%, respectively, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by 40%, 83%, and 78%,

Medium- and long-chain fatty acids differentially modulate interleukin-8 secretion in human fetal intestinal epithelial cells.

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The primary therapeutic effects of enteral nutrition in patients with Crohn's disease have been reported previously. Although the quantity and type of fat in enteral nutrition are considered to be important, it is unclear how fat modulates mucosal inflammatory responses in the intestine. In the

Some non-sensitizers upregulate CD54 expression by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cells.

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The human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) is a skin sensitization test that measures the expression of cell surface proteins CD86 and CD54 to evaluate the skin sensitization potential of test chemicals. However, some skin irritants have been reported to induce dramatically high CD54 expression

Differential modulation in the functions of intestinal dendritic cells by long- and medium-chain fatty acids.

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BACKGROUND Although dendritic cells (DCs) play significant roles in intestinal immune responses, little is known regarding the direct effects of luminal foods on DC functions in the intestinal mucosa. In this study, we examined the effects of fatty acids (FAs) with various chain length on the

Brain methanethiol and ammonia concentrations in experimental hepatic coma and coma induced by injections of various combinations of these substances.

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In normal rats in a coma induced by NH+4 alone or by methanethiol alone, the brain and blood levels of ammonia or methanethiol are much higher than those observed in rats in experimental hepatic coma. When various smaller dosage combinations of NH+4, methanethiol, and octanoic acid were injected

Synthesis of microbial elastomers based on soybean oily acids. Biocompatibility studies.

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Biocompatibility studies of the autoxidized and unoxidized unsaturated medium-long chain length (m-lcl) co-poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (m-lclPHAs) derived from soya oily acids have been reported. Pseudomonas oleovorans was grown on a series of mixtures of octanoic acid (OA) and soya oily acids (Sy)

Alpha-lipoic acid prevents endotoxic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome induced by endotoxemia in rats.

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Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring disulfide derivative of octanoic acid, serves as a strong antioxidant and has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study is to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of ALA on multiple organ dysfunction

Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: The concept of synergism.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains a severe neuropsychiatric complication of liver failure. Neuropathological evaluation of material from patients who died in hepatic coma reveals morphologic changes primarily to astrocytes (cytotoxic edema, Alzheimer Type II astrocytosis) accompanied by discreet

TNF-alpha and IL-6 synergistically inhibit ketogenesis from fatty acids and alpha-ketoisocaproate in isolated rat hepatocytes.

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BACKGROUND During sepsis, lipid metabolism is shunted toward triacylglycerol synthesis and hepatic lipogenesis. A decrease in ketogenesis from free fatty acids also is observed, probably mediated by cytokines involved in host response to infection. Whether such an inhibition of ketogenesis occurs

Glutathione depletion by valproic acid in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes: Role of biotransformation and temporal relationship with onset of toxicity.

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The present study was conducted in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes to investigate the chemical basis of glutathione (GSH) depletion by valproic acid (VPA) and evaluate the role of GSH depletion in VPA toxicity. Among the synthetic metabolites of VPA investigated, 4-ene-VPA and (E)-2,4-diene-VPA

Nitrogen mustard exposure of murine skin induces DNA damage, oxidative stress and activation of MAPK/Akt-AP1 pathway leading to induction of inflammatory and proteolytic mediators.

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Our recent studies in SKH-1 hairless mice have demonstrated that topical exposure to nitrogen mustard (NM), an analog of sulfur mustard (SM), triggers the inflammatory response, microvesication and apoptotic cell death. Here, we sought to identify the mechanism/s involved in these NM-induced injury

Impact of short- and medium-chain fatty acids on mitochondrial function in severe inflammation.

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BACKGROUND Sepsis is a severe inflammatory disorder with a high mortality in intensive care units mostly due to multiorgan failure. Mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of septic disorders, leading to a decline in energy supply. The aim of the present

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