Element distribution in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots of the halophyte Aster tripolium determined by proton induced X-ray emission.

The salt aster (Aster tripolium L.) colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Sy167 and noncolonized control plants were grown in a greenhouse for nine months with regular fertilization by Hoagland nutrient solution supplemented with 2% NaCl. Mycorrhizal roots showed a high degree of mycorrhizal colonization of 60-70% and formed approximately 25% more dry weight and much less aerenchyma than the nonmycorrhizal controls. Cryosectioning essentially preserved the root cell structures and apparently did not cause significant ion movements within the roots during cuttings. The experimental conditions, however, did not allow to discriminate between fungal and plant structures within the roots. Quantification of proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) data revealed that in control roots, Na(+) was mainly concentrated in the outer epidermal and exodermal cells, whereas the Cl(-) concentration was about the same in all cells of the roots. Cross sections of roots colonized by the mycorrhizal fungus did not show this Na(+) gradient in the concentration from outside to inside but contained a much higher percentage of NaCl among the elements determined than the controls. PIXE images are also presented for the four other elements K, P, S, and Ca. Both in colonized and control roots, the concentration of potassium was high, probably for maintaining homoeostasis under salt stress. This is seemingly the first attempt to localize both Na(+) and Cl(-) in a plant tissue by a biophysical method and also demonstrates the usefulness of PIXE analysis for such kind of investigation.