General anesthesia is induced in the lidocaine group by slow intravenous lidocaine 1.5mg/kg, followed by continuous injection of lidocaine 2mg/kg.h with micropump. At the end of the operation, the patient controlled intravenous analgesia with lidocaine is used, and the dose of lidocaine is 30mg/kg(no more than 2000mg at most) until 3 days postoperation.

During anesthesia induction, the loading dose of lidocaine, that is, the maintenance dose, is all replaced by the same amount of normal saline. After the operation, the patient controlled intravenous analgesia without lidocaine is used until 3 days postoperation.

Primary Liver Cancer

Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Injectable

During anesthesia induction and maintenance, the conventional analgesia group is replaced with the same amount of normal saline until the end of the operation. The patient controlled intravenous analgesia without lidocaine is used until 3 days postoperation.

0.9% normal saline

West China Hospital

Lidocaine Combined With Low Opioid Anesthesia and Analgesia in Patients With Primary Liver Cancer

Lidocaine Combined With Low Opioid Anesthesia and Analgesia Can Enhance Recovery After Surgery of Patients With Primary Liver Cancer: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Assessment using visual analogue scale(VAS): this method is sensitive and comparable. The specific method is: draw a 10cm horizontal line on the paper, one end of the horizontal line is 0, indicating painless; a score of 10 at the other end indicates severe pain; the middle part represents different levels of pain. 1-3 is mild pain; 4-6 is moderate pain(mild sleep disturbance); 7-9 is severe pain(inability to fall asleep or waking from sleep).

Record the total opioid consumption within 3 days after surgery and convert it to morphine: 10ug sufentanil and 100ug remifentanil have analgesic effects equivalent to 10mg morphine, respectively.

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and breathing rates below 8 cycles per minute were defined as opioid-related adverse events.

The satisfaction score is defined as the pain score according to Numerical Rating Scale（NRS): 0=very satisfied; 1-3=basic satisfaction; 4-6=neutral; 7-9=discontent; 10=very dissatisfied.

record first time of exhaust and defecation

Complications are diagnosed by specialists include surgical site infection, respiratory tract infection, thrombosis, incision debridement, postoperative bleeding, serious cardiovascular complications, and death.

Diagnosed by a specialist, dizziness, tinnitus, convulsions, bradycardia, new severe atrioventricular block are defined as adverse reactions to lidocaine.

Pain scoring is performed using the Digital Evaluation Scale (NRS), with 11 digits ranging from 0 to 10 indicating the degree of pain, 0 indicating no pain, and 10 indicating severe pain. Subjects choose a number to indicate the degree of pain based on their personal pain experience.

Patient self-assessment is carried out by using the World Health Organization(WHO) Disability Scale, with a minimum score of 12 points and a maximum score of 60 points. The lower the score, the higher the quality of life.

Chunling Jiang

Professor

The experimental group received lidocaine and the control group received the same amount of saline.

Randomized controlled double-blind trials are used throughout the trial, in which participants and researchers do not know the group of trials.

flecainide x 6 months, then crossover to sotalol x 6 months

sotalol x 6 months, then crossover to flecainide x 6 months

Atrial Fibrillation

flecainide up to 150mg twice daily for the control of atrial fibrillation

Flecainide

sotalol up to 120mg twice daily for the control of atrial fibrillation

Sotalol

Jesse Brown VA Medical Center

Rush University Medical Center

University of Illinois at Chicago

Advocate Christ Medical Center

Pharmacogenetic Study of Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Atrial Fibrillation

A Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized, Open Label Trial to Determine if a Common Atrial Fibrillation Risk Locus Modulates Differential Response to Antiarrhythmic Drugs

Subjects will be monitored with the Medtronic Reveal LINQ Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM) system to assess AF burden. The device will be programmed to optimize the memory for storing AF episode..

Quality of life assessment: Patients will be asked to fill out the AFEQT quality of life questionnaire baseline (study randomization), two, four, six, eight, ten, and 12 months (completion of the study). The questionnaire at the end of the 6rd month will be administered just prior to stopping the first study drug. The validated questionnaire is comprised of 20 questions about AF symptoms with answers given on a Likert scale. The questionnaire will be provided to the patients in paper format either in person or by mail, as applicable. A follow-up phone call will be made to each patient to ensure that the questionnaire is completed and returned.

Dawood Darbar, MD

Professor of Medicine

Medtronic

Hypertension

methyldopa vs. clonidine

methyldopa 250 - 750 mg qid clonidine patch 0.1 - 0.4 mg q week

atrioventricular block/vomissement

Lidocaine Combined With Low Opioid Anesthesia and Analgesia in Patients With Primary Liver Cancer

Pharmacogenetic Study of Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Atrial Fibrillation

A Comparison of Compliance Between Clonidine Patch and Methyldopa for the Treatment of Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy

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