The study will include three study visits over a 90 days period, with study visit one (SV1) occurring at day 0 SV2 conducted at day 45, and SV3 conducted at day 90. The participant will be provided with either a 45-day supply of goji berries and will be asked to consume the given items five days per week. After the 45-day intake period, the participants will return to the lab for SV2 and then be given a new 45-day supply of items to consume until the end of the 90 day test period (SV3).

The study will include three study visits over a 90 days period, with study visit one (SV1) occurring at day 0. SV2 conducted at day 45, and SV3 conducted at day 90. The participant will be provided with L/Z supplements which contains 6 mg of lutein and 4 mg of zeaxanthin and will be asked to consume the given items five days per week. After the 45-day intake period, the participants will return to the lab for SV2 and then be given a new 45-day supply of items to consume until the end of the 90 day test period (SV3).

Macular Pigment Optical Density

Those who are eligible for enrollment will be required to participate in three study visits over a three-month period, with each visit lasting approximately one and half hour. The three study visits will be separated by 45 +/- 2 days. During each study period, the participants are required to take 28 grams of goji berry once a day, five times per week, and will complete a set of 24 hour dietary recall, using an online automated self-administered recall system known as the ASA24.

Goji berry

Those who are eligible for enrollment will be required to participate in three study visits over a three-month period, with each visit lasting approximately one and half hour. The three study visits will be separated by 45 +/- 2 days. During each study period, the participants are required to take one capsule of lutein + zeaxanthin supplementation once a day, five times per week, and will complete a set of 24 hour dietary recall, using an online automated self-administered recall system known as the ASA24.

Lutein + zeaxanthin supplementation

Regal Human Nutrition Research Center

The Effect of Gojiberry Intake (Lycium Barbarium) on Macular Function

MPOD measurement - MPOD will be assessed by the psychophysical method of HFP technology (Macular Metrics, Providence, RI). Participants will watch a 20 minutes long video of a description of HFP. After adapting to the dark for seven minutes, participants will be asked to rest their head on a chin rest and look at a blue background field for three minutes. Prior to each test, the light intensity from each wavelength will be calibrated with a photodiode. The flicker frequency is selected for each subject based on preliminary tests of flicker sensitivity. The observer's task is to eliminate or minimize the flicker by turning a dial that changes the intensity of the 460-nm light. They will be asked to do this when looking directly at the flickering light and also when looking at a fixation point so that the stimulus can be presented in the periphery.

Skin carotenoid measurement - the carotenoid content in the skin will be measured through a finger-scanning device using reflection spectroscopy (this process does not capture fingerprints) called the Veggie Meter (VM). This noninvasive method of measuring skin carotenoid levels has been validated to reflect plasma carotenoid concentrations.

Breath Hydrogen measurement - the participant will be asked to do one short exhalation (about 2-3 seconds) into a collection tube. Their breath sample will be analyzed for hydrogen and methane that are produced by fermentation of carbohydrates (including fiber) in the digestive tract.

University of California, Davis

Subjects will receive a high-fat mixed meal containing Lycium Barbarum once.

Subjects will receive a high-fat mixed meal without Lycium Barbarum as a control.

Overweight

This mixed meal contains 25 grams of dried Lycium Barbarum (Goji berry, Wolfberry)

Lycium Barbarum mixed meal

This mixed meal does not contain Lycium Barbarum, but is matched for energy and macronutrient content

Control mixed meal

Maastricht University Medical Center

Goji Berries and Energy Expenditure

The Effect of a Single Dose of Lycium Barbarum on Postprandial Energy Expenditure in Healthy Overweight Men

Energy expenditure will be measured using indirect calorimetry (ventilated hood system). This system measures oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) to calculate the energy expenditure (kJ/min)

Energy expenditure will be measured using indirect calorimetry (ventilated hood system). This system measures VO2 and VCO2 to calculate the energy expenditure (kJ/min).

Lipid and glucose oxidation will be calculated from indirect calorimetry data (VO2 and VCO2).

Metabolic flexibility will be derived from indirect calorimetry as the difference in respiratory quotient (RQ) between fasting and postprandial conditions.

Several markers for lipid metabolism will be measured in blood samples.

Several markers for glucose metabolism will be measured in blood samples.

Several markers for inflammatory status will be measured in blood samples and in vitro conditions

lycium carolinianum/carbohydrate

The Effect of Gojiberry Intake (Lycium Barbarium) on Macular Function

Goji Berries and Energy Expenditure

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