Growth and alkaloid production along with expression profiles of biosynthetic pathway genes in two contrasting morphotypes of prickly and prickleless Solanum viarum Dunal.

Growth and production kinetics of three important glycoalkaloids viz. α-solanine, solanidine, and solasodine in two contrasting prickly and prickleless plants of Solanum viarum Dunal were evaluated under in vitro conditions. The prickleless plants showed improved accumulation of total glycoalkaloid content [7.11 and 6.85 mg g^-1 dry weight (DW)] and growth (GI = 11.08 and 19.26) after 45 and 50 days of culture cycle, respectively. For higher biomass (91.18 g l^-1) as well as glycoalkaloid (52.56 mg l^-1) recovery, the prickleless plants served as highly profitable platform. All the three studied glycoalkaloids were identified and quantified by mass spectrometry and HPLC. All the three studied glycoalkaloids accumulated in age-dependent manner. The presence of two constituents, i.e., solasodine and solanidine mainly contributed for higher accumulation of total glycoalkaloid content in the prickleless plants. However, the synthesis of α-solanine was highly age specific and could be detected after 4 to 5 weeks of culture cycle in both prickle containing as well as prickleless plants of S. viarum. The higher accumulation of glycoalkaloids in prickleless plants was also supported with the expression analysis of six key pathway enzymes viz. mevalonate kinase (MVK), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), UDP-galactose/solanidine galactosyltransferase (SGT1), UDP-glucose/solanidine glucosyltransferase (SGT2), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP). The results indicated that the plants harvested after 45 and 50 days of culture cycle accumulated maximum bioactive in-demand glycoalkaloids in the prickly and prickleless plants of S. viarum Dunal, respectively.