6g hydrolyzed pine nut oil in delayed release capsules given 30 min prior to an 6-hour oral glucose tolerance test

3g hydrolyzed pine nut oil and 3g olive oil in delayed release capsules given 30 min prior to an 6-hour oral glucose tolerance test

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Obesity

Given 30 min prior to oral glucose tolerance test

Hydrolyzed pine nut oil

Hydrolyzed pine nut oil and olive oil

Odense University Hospital

Effect of Dietary Oils as G-protein-coupled Receptor Agonists on Glucose Tolerance

Effects of Pine Nut and Olive Oil as FFA1/FFA4 and GPR119 Agonists on Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Overweight or Obese Subjects

Appetite is measured by the use of Visual analog scales. Respondents specify their level of agreement to a statement on hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption and thirst by indicating a position along a continuous 100 mm line between two end-points (0 and 100 mm) which represent the extreme feelings related to the statement. In example: How hungry do you feel? 0mm represents: Not hungry at all and 100 mm represents: I have never been hungrier.

Gastrointestinal tolerability is measured by the use of Visual analog scales. Respondents specify their level of nausea, flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation by indicating a position along a continuous 100 mm line between two end-points (0 and 100 mm) which represent the extreme feelings related to the symptom in question. In example: Have you been constipated? 0mm represents: No,not at all and 100 mm represents: Yes, severely.

Karina Vejrum Sørensen

Cross-over study of 3 interventions; 1) no oil intake, 2)6g hydrolyzed pine nut oil and 3) combined intake of 3g hydrolyzed pine nut oil and 3g olive oil 30 minutes prior to an 6-hours oral glucose tolerance test (75g glucose).

Eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid

Eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid
Eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid: 1395 mg EPA plus 1125 mg DHA daily for 24 weeks

rs174535 (GG), Fish Oil Supplements

rs174535 (GG), Placebo

rs174535 (GT), Fish Oil Supplements

rs174535 (GT), Placebo

rs174535 (TT), Fish Oil Supplement

rs174535 (TT), Placebo

Total

Sex: Female, Male

The primary outcome of interest is rectal epithelial cell proliferation, as measured by Ki67 (mib-1) labeling. Expression of Ki-67 in colon epithelial cells will be detected following the standard IHC protocol of EnVision™+ System, HRP (DAKO).

Rectal Epithelial Cell Proliferation

The primary outcome of interest is rectal epithelial cell apoptosis as measured by TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling). The TUNEL assay is conducted to measure apoptosis of colon epithelium using DeadEnd Colorimetric TUNEL System (Promega). After all fields of each sample are measured, the final immunoreaction indices are generated automatically by setting algorithms as ''total positive area / total nuclear area. Apoptotic activity is also scored using standard morphologic criteria applied to H&E stained sections.

Rectal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis

Expression of COX-2 in rectal epithelial cells will be detected following the standard IHC protocol of EnVision™+ System, HRP (DAKO).

Rectal Epithelial Cell COX-2 Expression

Expression of 15-PGDH in rectal epithelial cells will be detected following the standard IHC protocol of EnVision™+ System, HRP (DAKO).

Rectal Epithelial Cell 15-PGDH Expression

Lipids will be extracted using the method of Folch-Lees

Rectal Epithelial Cell Phospholipid Fatty Acid Content

liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric on rectal biopsy samples

Rectal Epithelial Cell Production of PGE2 and PGE3

C-reactive Protein

Adipokines

homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) HOMA-IR. Fasting insulin and glucose were be used to determine HOMA-IR: [fasting glucose (mmol/l) x fasting insulin (µU/ml)]/22.5]", Optimal insulin sensitivity: < 1, Early insulin resistance: > 1.9, Significant insulin resistance: > 2.9

Insulin Sensitivity

Overall Study

Harvey J Murff

Colorectal Adenomatous Polyps

1395 mg EPA plus 1125 mg DHA daily for 24 weeks

Oleic Acid

Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Fish Oil Supplementation, Nutrigenomics and Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Fatty Acid Desaturase Activity, Fish Oil and Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Harvey Murff

Associate Professor

Vanderbilt University

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Cardiovascular Disease

60g Canola oil daily per 3000kcal diet provided in a supplemental shake

Canola Oil

60g high oleic acid canola oil + DHA daily per 3000kcal provided in a supplemental shake

High Oleic Acid + DHA Canola Oil

60g high oleic acid canola oil daily per 3000kcal provided in a supplemental shake

High Oleic Acid Canola Oil

36g flax oil + 24g safflower oil daily per 3000kcal provided in a supplemental shake

Flax Oil

45g safflower oil + 15g corn oil daily per 3000kcal provided in a supplemental shake

Safflower Oil

Penn State University

Canola Oil Multicentre Intervention Trial (COMIT)

Canola and Flax Oils in Modulation of Vascular Function and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Study subjects will undergo endothelial health assessment by EndoPAT analysis. The EndoPat procedure will occur while the subject is lying down in a relaxed state. Throughout the study, the inflation pressure of the EndoPAT device will be electronically set to 10mm Hg below diastolic BP. Testing begins with 10 min of rest. Following rest, baseline pulse amplitude is measured from each fingertip for 5 min. Next, arterial flow is interrupted for 5 min by a cuff placed on the forearm at an occlusion pressure of 250 mmHg. Following occlusion release, pulse amplitude recording continues for 5 min.

To assess regional changes in body fat deposition, subjects will undergo a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan at baseline (beginning of study) and end of each intervention period. Waist circumference measurements also will be taken at this time to track how much fat is lost from the abdominal area of the body.

On the 29th day of each diet phase you will be asked to consume three tablespoons of tagged water (known as deuterium). The movement of these tagged materials will allow us to assess the quantity of long chain fatty acids (EPA and DHA) that your body is producing in response to your diet. All of the above tagged materials are non-radioactive, non-toxic, and do not pose any health risk to you. Another fasting blood sample will be obtained when you return the next morning.

Twelve-hour fasting blood samples (30ml) will be collected on day 1, 2, 29 and 30 for analyses of plasma lipids. Blood samples obtained on day 1 and 2 will be used to measure baseline values for study endpoints, whereas blood samples obtained on the two last days will be used to measure final endpoint values.

Twelve-hour fasting blood samples (30ml) will be collected on day 1, 2, 29 and 30 for analyses of C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines. Blood samples obtained on day 1 and 2 will be used to measure baseline values for study endpoints, whereas blood samples obtained on the two last days will be used to measure final endpoint values.

oleic acid/kukorica

Effect of Dietary Oils as G-protein-coupled Receptor Agonists on Glucose Tolerance

Fish Oil Supplementation, Nutrigenomics and Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Canola Oil Multicentre Intervention Trial (COMIT)

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