Attention deficit disorder in adults and nicotine dependence: psychobiological factors in resistance to recovery?

The addictive nature of nicotine appears to depend on a number of psychobiological factors. This study explores the psychoactive effects of nicotine in relationship to the particular dysphoric aspects of Attention Deficit Disorder as a coincident factor in nicotine dependence and resistance to treatment. The psychological and behavioral effects of nicotine directly correspond to reduction in symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the neurochemical effects of nicotine are qualitatively similar to stimulant medications used to treat ADHD. Aspects of the treatment of nicotine or other addictions in such comorbid situations are discussed in the context of self-medication.