Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition enhances anti-inflammatory and antioxidative processes, modulates microglia polarization, and promotes recovery after ischemic stroke.

Ischemic stroke triggers inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the brain, and microglia polarization affects the degree of neuroinflammation. It has been reported that the inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity protects brain tissue. However, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of sEH inhibition in the ischemic brain are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a selective sEH inhibitor, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), after ischemic stroke.Adult male rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were administered with AUDA or a vehicle. Behavioral outcome, infarct volume, microglia polarization, and gene expression were assessed.Rats treated with AUDA showed better behavioral outcomes and smaller infarct volumes after MCAO. After AUDA treatment, a reduction of M1 microglia and an increase of M2 microglia occurred at the ischemic cortex of rats. Additionally, there was an increase in the mRNA expressions of antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10, and pro-inflammatory mediators were decreased after AUDA administration. Heme oxygenase-1 was mainly expressed by neurons, and AUDA was found to improve the survival of neurons.The results of this study provided novel and significant insights into how AUDA can improve outcomes and modulate inflammation and oxidative stress after ischemic stroke.